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Keywords: a narcomania, FALLING, the psychotropic substances, dependence, predisposition, biological mechanisms, abusing, human physiology, the child, a pathology, Dofaminum, the dofamin system, a neuromediator, a lymbic system, function, a brain
Anohina I.P., Veretinskaja A.G., Vasiljeva G.N., Ovchinnikov I.V.
About UNITY of BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS of INDIVIDUAL PREDISPOSITION TO ABUSING VARIOUS PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES // Human physiology. 2000. That 26. ¹ 6. Page. 74-81.
In article main principles of biological mechanisms of dependence on the psychotropic substances which are same at use of various psychotropic substances are stated and their main part are characteristic changes of the dofamin system in lymbic departments of a brain. Comparative researches of a metabolism of the dofamin system and structural features of genes of the dofamin receptors D2 and D4 at patients with an alcoholism with presence or absence of a hereditary burdeness this disease have been lead. Comparison of results of these researches to the experiments executed earlier and the literary data allows to draw a conclusion on unity of mechanisms of predisposition to abusing various the psychotropic substances which are connected to genetic and functional features of the dofamin system.
The data recently have appeared, that patients with a thebaic narcomania frequently have a hereditary burdeness an alcoholism, abused alcohol prior to the beginning narkotizatsii and at them the wide spectrum of a premorbidal pathology a pathology of pregnancy of mother and postnatalnogo the period, a uracrasia, attributes of " the minimal cerebral dysfunction ", the expressed mental infantilism and other congenital deviations of a central nervous system was taped.
The analysis of results of chemical researches allows to draw a conclusion on basic unity of the central mechanisms of dependence on various psychotropic substances. In this connection it is possible to think, that genetic mechanisms of predisposition can be also the general.
Influence of narcotics and alcohol on an organism of the person, his vital activity and functions, is shown in three various directions.
First, narcotics and alcohol specifically influence the certain systems and frames of a brain, causing thus development of a set of symptoms of dependence. This set of symptoms is conducting, rod in a clinical picture of narcological diseases.
Second, narcotics and alcohol have toxic influence practically on all internal bodies and systems of an organism.
Thirdly, the narcological pathology of parents negatively influences posterity. At their children the risk of an alcoholism and narcomanias is essentially raised. Except for that at the majority of them those or other behavioural frustration are marked: a hyperexcitability, aggression, predilection to risk, to development of depressions, etc. Consumption of narcotics by mother during pregnancy can become the reason of a birth of the child with the generated narcotic dependence.
Physiological mechanisms of development of dependence on alcohol and narcotics are based in lymbic frames of a brain, in those his areas where the so-called system of a reinforcement settles down. This system participates in maintenance of a regulation of an emotional condition, motivational sphere, a psychophysical tone, behaviour of the person in the whole, his acclimatization to an environment. The psychotropic substances having in narcotic potential, i.e. capable to cause dependence, influence in the chemical way the specified system of a reinforcement, activating her and influencing on a metabolism of neuromediators.
Influence of the psychotropic substances on chemical processes of a brain is a basis of development of a set of symptoms of dependence. Massive influence of the psychotropic substances results in a dysfunction almost all chemical systems of a brain, however is far from being all from these infringements have communication with development of a set of symptoms of narcotic dependence. Each psychotropic preparation has the pharmacological spectrum of action. However all substances, capable to cause a set of symptoms of dependence, have a general part of pharmacological action this characteristic influence on catecholamin system in lymbic frames of a brain, in particular in system of a reinforcement.
Influence of the psychotropic substances results in intensive emission from depot in these departments of a brain of neuromediators from group of catecholamins, first of all Dofaminum, and consequently to considerably stronger exaltation of system of a reinforcement. Such exaltation is quite often accompanied by positively painted emotional experiences. Free catecholamins treated to action of enzymes of a metabolism and are quickly blasted. Repeated receptions of narcotics result in an attrition of stocks of neuromediators that is shown by insufficiently expressed exaltation of system of a reinforcement at entering a "normal" pulse. Psychophysically at the person it is expressed by falling of mood, sensation of a flaccidity, delicacy, experiences of boredom, emotional discomfort, depressive signs. Reception of the psychotropic substances on this background again causes additional liberation of neuromediators from depot, that temporarily compensates their deficiency in sinapticheskoj to a cleft and normalizes activity of lymbic frames of a brain. This process is accompanied by subjective sensation of improvement of a condition, emotional and a hyperphrenia, etc. However free catecholamins are quickly blasted, that results in the further falling their maintenance, deterioration of an emotional condition and, accordingly, to aspiration again to use a narcotic.
At the long use of alcohol deficiency of neuromediators can develop. As the mechanism of indemnification of this phenomenon the reinforced synthesis of catecholamins and suppression of activity of enzymes of their metabolism, first of all MAO and Dofaminum - betagidroksilazy, supervising transformation of Dofaminum into Noradrenalinum acts. There is a formation of the accelerated revolution of catecholamins. At the termination of reception of a narcotic the reinforced liberation of catecholamins from depot does not occur, but there is their accelerated synthesis. Owing to change of activity of enzymes in bioliquids and tissues Dofaminum that causes development of the basic clinical attributes of an abstinent set of symptoms collects: high uneasiness, intensity, exaltation, rise of a blood pressure, acceleration of pulse, development of psychotic conditions, etc.
These changes are a basis of formation of physical dependence on the psychotropic substances [Anohina I.P.Nejrohimicheskie aspects of a pathogeny of an alcoholism // the Pathogeny, clinic and treatment of an alcoholism. Ì., 1976. With 15.] [Anohina I.P.Nejrobiologicheskie aspects of an alcoholism // Bulletin AMN the USSR. 1988. ¹ 3. With. 21.] [Kogan B.M.the Condition catecholamin nejromediatsii at an alcoholism. Dis.... dokt. biol. Sciences. Ì., 1988].
One of the basic physiological preconditions of high motivation of consumption of PEAHENS is congenital failure of activity of " system of the award " the brain, caused, mainly, deficiency YES neuromediator system [Anohina I.P., Vekshina N.L., Vertinskaja A.G.the Central mechanisms of predisposition to dependence on the psychotropic substances // Magazine of a neuropathology and psychiatry him. S.S.Korsakova. 1997. T. 97. ¹ 12. With. 83] [Anohina I.P., Vertinskaja A.G., Vekshina N.L., etc.the Hereditary alcoholism: the some people nejrohimicheskie mechanisms // the Bulletin of Russian Academy of Medical Science 1999. ¹ 6. With. 43].
In the present work two series of researches have been lead.
- Studying of features of a revolution of Dofaminum in a blood of patients with an alcoholism from the families burdened and not burdened by these disease.
- Studying of a polymorphism of genes of the dofamin receptors of 2-nd and 4-th types at patients with an alcoholism.
Chemical and molekuljarno-genetic researches have found out in patients with an alcoholism from the families burdened by this disease, infringements of activity and the genetic control of Dofaminum of neuromediator system which were not taped or seldom met at patients with an alcoholism without a hereditary burdeness.
Results of chemical researches testify to failure and qualitative shifts of function of the dofamin system, and genetic about defect of a genetic regulation of a receptor link of this system at patients with hereditary predisposition to an alcoholism.
Taking into account literary data on presence of the same structural features of genes DRD2 and DRD4 receptors at persons with thebaic and cocainic dependence, and also experimental data about identity of deviations of functions of the dofamin neuromediator system at animals from predisposition to consumption of various psychotropic substances which concrete choice, obviously, is defined by series of other circumstances. The stated data testify also to the leading part of individual structural and functional features of the dofamin neuromediator system in predisposition to abusing the psychotropic substances.
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Keywords: a narcomania, FALLING, the psychotropic substances, dependence, predisposition, biological mechanisms, abusing, human physiology, the child, a pathology, Dofaminum, the dofamin system, a neuromediator, a lymbic system, function, a brain
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