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COURSE WORK
in a subject “ the Epizootology and communicable diseases ”
the Theme: antiepizootic measures in KSP "Grove" of area Kamyshlovskogo
Introduction.
The organization and carrying out of the measures directed on the prevention of contagious and invasion diseases of animals were and remain one of the main tasks of a veterinary service. Communicable diseases on the nature essentially differ from noncontagious and take a special place in a pathology of animals. Distinctive feature of the given diseases is ability to be transferred from a sick animal able-bodied. It defines an opportunity of a mass defeat and conducts to a wide circulation of diseases, are capable to cause the big economic injury. Downstroke of a contagious sick rate of animals has not only economic, but also the important social value. Some diseases are dangerous that can be transferred the person, therefore successful struggle, and the main thing - the prevention of diseases of animals, it is the contribution to public health care of the country. The purpose of the given course work - to lead the analysis of prophylactic antiepizootic measures in SPK "Grove" of area Kamyshlovskogo of the Problem:
- To study a situation on infectious diseases of animals in area Kamyshlovskom and, in particular, in SPK "Grove";
- To lead the analysis of efficacyy of the prophylactic antiepizootic measures spent for the given economy.
PROPHYLACTIC ANTIEPIZOOTIC MEASURES
Antiepizootic measures represent a complex of scientifically proved measures directed on struggle against communicable diseases of animals and guarding of people from infection by causal organisms zooantroponozov. They include prophylaxis of diseases and measures on liquidation of the existing and again arising epizootic locuses. In system of antiepizootic measures the appreciable role is played with the general measures directed on the prevention of infectious diseases of animals. The general in system of measures at any communicable disease and development of epizootic process still have isolation of a possible source of an infection for what prophylactic quarantine of again imported animals is introduced. The second general element in system of the measures directed on isolation of a source of the disease-producing factor, is exception of factors of his transfer. Factors of transfer of the disease-producing factor depend on his ways of secretion from an organism of a host. From here the system of prophylaxises should include neutralization of the causal organism in an external environment - prophylactic disinfection, destruction of hexapods - carriers (disinfection). The third general element in system of measures on prophylaxis of communicable diseases is rising resistance of an organism of an animal (resistance) to disease. It is carried out due to nonspecific and specific measures. Nonspecific measures include building congenial conditions of a feeding and the content of animals; specific measures - building of immunity by application of specific immunifacient preparations. Thus, prophylactic antiepizootic measures have the basic problem guarding of economies from drift of a contagium from the outside, prepjatstvovanie to accumulation of microorganisms in an external environment, rising of a resistance of animals to diseases. Prophylaxis and liquidation of communicable diseases of agricultural animals and birds in the country - a problem not only a veterinary science and practice, but also one of duties of all workers of animal husbandry, principals of economies, aboriginal organs. Therefore all work on prophylaxis and liquidations of communicable diseases should be planned. The primary goals of prophylactic and antiepizootic measures are: 1) the prevention of originating of communicable diseases of animals and birds; 2) maintenance of nonperishable well-being of herds of cattle and a bird on the infectious diseases, animal husbandry necessary for successful development and reception of superfine production; 3) guarding of the population from diseases, the general for the person and animals. Alongside with the general measures in system of prophylactic antiepizootic measures special measures have the big value: diagnostic researches and an immunization of animals, and also antiparasitic processings.
the Characteristics of the agricultural enterprise.
Agricultural production co-operative " Grove " (former state farm " Êóðîâñêèé ") is in 32 kms from the regional centre (city of Kamyshlov). The branch ¹1 (3 cases) and board of the given enterprise is in settlement Kurovka, branch ¹ 2 (2 cases) in settlement Krapivino, branch ¹ 3 in settlement Pershata. In SPK "Grove" contains 1386 goal. A large horned stock, including 586 heads dojnogo herds. The content of cows fastened, animals contain on wooden floorings in four lines. The dung leaves with the help of a tsepochno-scraper conveyor. Water acts in cases on water system in automatic water bowls. Forages in cases deliver on carts. For this purpose the economy contains 11 cart - horses. Hay and a silage is distributed manually. A milking of cows thrice. The delivery section is absent. Calfs till 10 days contain in dispensaries in individual cells in the general calfhouse where except for them there are calfs and more advanced ages which contain in cells on 6-7 heads. 5-6 monthly ages translate calfs on the fastened content in the separate case. To the general prophylaxis in the given economy of the big attention it is not given. The vitaminization of calfs is seldom enough carried out, the sanitary condition of rooms for the content of cattle is not monitored. Measures on prophylactic disinfection, a disinfection, deratization are irregularly carried out. Clearing of places for a range and a grazing of cattle is not carried out.
the Characteristics of a veterinary service of an economy
the Characteristics of an epizootic situation in area Kamyshlovskom and in SPK "Grove".
The district is permanently unsuccessful on a Siberian plague and gangrene KRS, the given diseases were recorded down to 50 already the last eyelid.
In area Kamyshlovskom natural ochagovost on a hay fever, for the last 3 years in terrain of service of regional station on struggle against diseases of animals have been registered some cases of a hay fever at the large horned stock, proceeding with abortions. The diagnosis put on the establishment of bacteriological research in Kamyshlovskoj veterinary laboratory. In SPK "Grove" in last years animals, clinically patients with a hay fever were not taped, but by results of serologic researches the animals positively reacting in RMA on a hay fever (anti-bodies in titer 1:50 to L. icterohaemorragia) are periodically secreted.
Improvement of dairy - commodity farms of area Kamyshlovskogo from a leukosis of a large horned stock now comes to the end. All animals positively reacting in READ secreted for this purpose in separate droves on "dirty" farms, one of which state farm " Ñêàòèíñêèé " was. Subsequently such animals handed over on a meat-packing plant. In SPK "Grove" in the winter 2001 years have revealed cows a little bit positively reacting in READ which also have handed over on meat. Besides at animals in area Kamyshlovskom sporadic cases ZKTG at a large horned stock, an erysipelas of pigs, a plague and parvovirusnyj an enteritis of dogs, a microsporia are recorded. In area also 2-3 years there was a unfavorable situation on an acute respiratory virus infection of cows, now trouble back is removed. In SPK "Grove" at cows frequently meets nekrobakterioz which specific prophylaxis do not carry out, and trihofitija at calfs. For the last 5-6 flying there were also cases of disease at calfs at which diagnosed a paratyphus, however laboratory it did not prove to be true. From invasion diseases it is eurysynusic teljazioz and gipodermatoz a large horned stock. Koprologicheskie the researches spent for an economy, show well-being of a livestock on gelmintnym to invasions.
Prophylactic antiepizootic measures in KSP "grove"-
Diagnostic researches.
Diagnostic researches of animals in the given economy are planned by the following diseases: a tuberculosis, brutsellyoz, a leukosis and a hay fever of a large horned stock and a glanders of horses, and also diagnostic koprologicheskie researches. To allergic research on a tuberculosis subject a large horned stock from two monthly ages once a year. For this purpose use a tuberculine cleared for mammals as the standard solution ready for the use. The tuberculinization of animals is carried out by veterinaries and doctor's assistants. Before research all livestock subject to clinical inspection and a selective thermometry for exception of allergic responses on a tuberculine. For introduction of a tuberculine use needles for intradermal injections ¹0606 and syringes capacity of 2 ml with begunkom. During a tuberculinization syringe needles replace before each filling, and in pauses between injections a needle hold in a cotton plug moistened in 70 % alcohol. The tuberculine is introduced intradermally, to a large horned stock in an average third of neck in a dose of 0,2 ml. Before introduction a wool in a place of an injection clip, the leather is treated with 70 % alcohol. The count and an assessment of reaction to introduction of a tuberculine carry out in 72 hours after introduction; at the count of reaction at each animal palpate and examine a place of introduction of a tuberculine. Positive reaction shows as razlitoj swellings testovatoj a consistence which is not having precise borders with an environmental tissue. Education of a dropsy it is accompanied by rising of aboriginal temperature, a hyperemia and morbidity of the inflamed plot of a leather. At strongly expressed dermal reaction can the prescapular lymph node will increase. At detection of changes in a place of introduction of a tuberculine measure kutimetrom depth of a crimp in millimeters and define size of its thickening sravnivaniem with depth of a crimp of not changed leather near to a place of introduction. Cows consider responding on a tuberculine at a thickening of a dermal crimp on 3 ml. With responding animals act in the order stipulated by the instruction about measures on prophylaxis and liquidation of a tuberculosis of animals. On the terminal of work compound the certificate and the inventory of all livestock of the investigated animals. The documentation is stored in affairs of veterinary station. During the last 10 flying positive reaction to a tuberculine was never recorded. On brutsellyoz and a leukosis research animals serologicheski, for this purpose to Nizhnevartovsk veterinary laboratory refer whey of blood of animals. On brutsellyoz animals from 3 monthly ages, on a leukosis from 6 months are exposed to research; two times in year.
In laboratory for diagnosis brutsellyoza put an agglutination test and a reaction of binding complement, on a leukosis - reaction of an immunodiffusion. In case of positive reaction of animals isolate and research repeatedly in 30 days, at repeated positive reaction hand over on a meat-packing plant. On a hay fever 10 % of a number of cattle are researched, whey from them research in RMA. Positively responding animals with antiserum capacities at vaccinated 1:100, not vaccinated 1:50 hand over on a meat-packing plant. Research of horses for a glanders (malleinization) plan in state farm once a year for all horses. A unscheduled malleinization carry out before a killing of horses and before transportation, and also again arrived animals. To diagnosis apply a mallein. A mallein put on a conjunctive of an able-bodied eye in quantity 5 dropping. Effect test in the morning, take into account her at 3-6-9 o'clock and the next morning. Positive reaction is characterized by a purulent conjunctivitis. The conjunctive intensively reddens, swells, the swelling of eyelids and closure of an eye is observed. At feebly marked reaction pus is present only at an internal angle of an eye. Doubtful reaction - an intensive reddening of a conjunctive, a swelling of eyelids and a lacrimation. At absence of reaction of eyes remains normal or the mild reddening of a conjunctive and a lacrimation is observed. In case of doubtful reaction test effect repeatedly in 5-6 days in the same eye. Repeated reaction comes in 2-5 hours and usually is more sharply expressed. Researches of a faecal matter animal (cows and horses) plan 2 times in year: before the beginning of a grazing period and after statement on a stabling. Tests from animals from each case and each age group are selectively researched, from horses all tests of a faecal matter are researched. -
a prophylactic immunization.
Prophylactic vaccinations plan in an economy against the following diseases: a Siberian plague, a gangrene, a hay fever, trihofitija, a paratyphus. A large horned stock and horses impart against a Siberian plague once a year, with 3 - monthly age. It is necessary to take into account, that it is impossible to vaccinate cows in second half of pregnancy, weak and sick animals. For vaccination use a vaccine against a Siberian plague from a strain 55. Needles and before use boil syringes, after work boil 1 hour per 2 % a solution of soda. The place of an injection is disinfected with 3 % a solution of a phenol. A vaccine introduce strictly subcutaneously into range of an average third of neck in a dose for KRS and horses - 1ìë. the vaccine which has stayed after vaccination decontaminate autoclaving. The alive concentrated hydroxide is applied to an immunization of a large horned stock against emfizematoznogo a carbuncle an aluminium vaccine against a gangrene, animals from 3 months up to 4õ a flying, in the spring, once a year, in a dose of 2 ml intramuscularly are vaccinated. For prophylaxis of a hay fever use a vaccine polyvalent "VGNKI" against a hay fever of animals, introduce intramuscularly in the doses stipulated by manual on application of a vaccine. But researches spent now on an assessment of postvaccinal immunity show serotinal production of anti-bodies after an immunization and the low interest of immune animals that can be connected to an immunodepression at animals from the given terrain concerning a zone of ecological risk. Trihofitiju profilaktirujut introduction of a vaccine inactivated against dermatophytoses KRS and horses which is introduced subcutaneously unitary pullet animal till 8 months in a dose of 1 ml, an animal than 8 months - 2 ml are more senior. However it is necessary to note, that, despite of vaccination against dermatophytoses, at calfs cases of disease trihofitiej are frequently marked. Apparently, it also can be connected to “ breaks of immunity ” in connection with ecological trouble of terrain Kamyshlovskogo of area. Preparation ÀÑÄ-3 is widely applied to treatment. For prophylaxis of a paratyphus of calfs vaccinated 7-day's calfs and pregnant cows earlier. Now, in connection with relative well-being on the given infection in state farm, from this circuit have refused. Immunize only pregnant cows 50-60 days prior to calving with a 10-day's interval concentrated formolkvastsovoj a vaccine against a paratyphus of calfs, in a dose of 10-15 ml. Subcutaneously. -
Medical - improving measures
Medical - improving processings are planned against gipodermatoza a large horned stock, teljazioza cows, and also 2 times in year are planned degelmintizatsija cows and horses. Against a hypodermic gadfly of adult cows treat 10 %-s' solution hlorofosa from provisional calculation of 16-24 ml in the spring. On an animal. Against teljazioza to sick cows apply also hlorofos as 1 %-s' solution which put in an internal angle of an eye a pear with a mild tip twice with an interval of 5-7 days. The choice antigelmintika for degelmintizatsii is caused by results diagnostic koprologicheskih researches.
Breedings and the conclusion
- As a result of epizootic research in area Kamyshlovskom and it is immediate in SPK "Grove", it fixed, that the given agricultural enterprise has nonperishable trouble on a hay fever, nekrobakteriozu, trihofitii, to a leukosis of a large horned stock, and from parasitosises - on gipodermatozu and teljaziozu cows. Besides the area is unsuccessful on a Siberian plague, a gangrene.
- the analysis of efficacyy of prophylactic antiepizootic measures Has been lead, fixed, that the immunization of animals not always prevents diseases of animals in the given economy. It can be connected to the low immune status of cows and calfs in the given district (such, as a hay fever and a barn itch).
- In connection with trouble on nekrobakteriozu to bring to the plan of antiepizootic measures in specific prophylaxis nekrobakterioza (for example, vaccine "Nekovak"), for medical - prophylactic processings it is possible to use preparation "Nekrofar" which renders a positive effect and on immune system of animals.
Except for above-stated, it is necessary to note, that all used measures will be effective only under condition of an appropriate veterinarno-sanitary condition of rooms, and also the responsible attitude of veterinary experts to the duties.
the LIST of the USED LITERATURE:- Altuhov N.M., Afanasjev V.I.manual of a veterinary. Ì., "Kolos", 1996ã.
- the Veterinary legislation. T. 2,3,4. Under A.D.Tretjakov's edition. Ì., "Kolos", 1972ã.
- the Organization and economy of a veterinary affair. Under A.D.Tretjakov's edition. Ì., "Agropromizdat", 1984ã.
- the Epizootology and communicable diseases. Under A.A.Konopatkin's edition. Ì., "Kolos", 1993ã.
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