 COURSE WORK ON PARASITOLOGY" Experience of treatment of an eimerios of pigs in collective farm " Red ????n"THE CONTENT:
INTRODUCTIONNow high enough there is a level of parasitosises on farms and integrated poultry farms that can be connected, first of all, with incomplete on energy level and unbalanced on basic elements of a feed by a feeding, not sufficient security of farms necessary technological and veterinarno-sanitary objects, incomplete security of establishments and economies the staff of veterinarians and workers of animal husbandry. Deficiency of the last does not give an opportunity to carry out treatment-and-prophylactic measures at a high professional level, in the times stipulated by the plan and with complete scope of a livestock. A coccidiosis of pigs - seldom enough met disease arising in those pig-breeding economies, where an insufficient feeding level, the low immune status of animals. Such economy also is the state farm " Red ????n". The purpose of the given work was the analysis of experience of treatment of a coccidiosis of pigs in state farm " Red ????n" and a substantiation of perspectivity of use of a preparation a Nifulinum for prophylaxis of a coccidiosis at pigs and rising of a level of additional weights. THE REVIEW OF THE LITERATUREEjmeriozy are protozoal diseases of agricultural and feral mammals, birds, the fishes, invoked by the cockcydias of various kinds parasitizing, as a rule, in an epithelium of a thin department of an intestines of animal all age. Especially hardly they proceed at pullet animals and show diarrheas, a progressing emaciation, an anaemia and an appreciable mortality. At mature animals proceed subklinicheski more often. Ejmeriozy can invoke devastating an enzooty, causing the big injury to economies. Prevalence of an eimerios is very great. However the injury from an eimerios is not limited to an epizooty, animals lose in a gain of mass, quality of production. Meat of the had been ill animals contains the raised quantity of free amino asids owing to what his nutritional value is reduced, it spoils at a storage faster. Biology ejmery. In a life cycle of parasites distinguish 3 phases of development: the merogony - asexual division - comes to the end with formation of merozoites, the gametogonium - sexual process - comes to the end with education an oocyte, both phases pass development in an organism of a host; the sporogony - reproduction in an oocyte - comes to the end with formation sporozoitov in an external environment. In an oocyte, left with excrements from an organism, at presence of heat, a moisture and oxygen of air there is a sporogony. Thus a cytoplasm we are condensed, takes the form of a ball and shares on 4 sporoblasts. After education around of sporoblasts of an environment they become sporocysts. Then in everyone a sporocyst there is a division on 2 sporozoita. This process lasts from several hours about several day. Oocytes with 8 sporozoitami are considered mature, or invasion. From such an oocyte, eaten by the conforming host, in a lumen of an intestines leave sporozoity and inpour inside of epithelial cells of an intestines. Inside a cell sporozoit is plural shares, forming multinucleate cell meront. Inside meronta merozoites are formed the prolate form. After education of merozoites meront breaks up, simultaneously blasting a cell of an intestines of a host. Merozoites again inpour into able-bodied epithelial cells and form meronty the second generation, then the third. At some kinds ejmery it happens up to 4 - 5 generatings of a merogony. Merozoites of last generation again inpour into able-bodied cells and give rise to microgametocytes and macrogametocytes. Microgametocytes by repeated nuclear fission form set of microgametes with 2 - 3 flagellums. Macrogametocytes turn to large nonmotile female individuals - macrogametes. Microgametes awakely inpour into a macrogamete and form a zygote which becomes covered by an environment and becomes an oocyst which leaves an organism of a host, with excrements. THE EIMERIOS OF PIGS.Cockcydias of pigs are strictly specific in the attitude of a host and at other kinds do not meet. Now 13 kinds of cockcydias of pigs are described, however, some from them, apparently, are not independent kinds since are described only on oocytes. It E. debliecki, E. guevardi, E. neodebliecki, E. perminuta. E. polita, E. porsi, E. romaniae, E. scabra, E. spinosa, E. scrofae (L. P. Pellerdy, 1974). In dependences on a kind of the parasite, oocytes of cockcydias have the different form, colour, size, structure of an environment. Oocytes can be almost round, oval, ellipsoidalnoj forms; grey, yellow, brown colour. The length an oocyte is varied from 11 up to 40 microns, width from 9,6 up to 30 microns. An environment two-planimetric. For example, at E. debliecki size oocytes 20-30 microns h 14-19 microns, an environment oocytes smooth, shining, and at E. scabra size oocytes 25-45 microns h 17-28 microns, the environment strongly rough, brown, a periblast of an environment can not be. The same as and at others ejmeriidnyh cockcydias the life cycle of causal organisms of a coccidiosis of pigs will consist of three phases: schizogonies, a gametogonium, a sporogony. The schizogony and a gametogonium proceed in an organism of an animal, and a sporogony - in an external environment. At E. scabra it is revealed three, and at E. debliecki and E. polita two generations of schizonts. Infection rate of young plants cockcydias can be from 30 up to 92 % and is higher, the highest invazirovannost young plants in the age of 4-6 months. In an external environment oocytes of causal organisms in a plenty awakely are secreted with sick animals. The had been ill animals, and also pigs with a subclinical invasion also secrete a plenty an oocyte. Oocytes of cockcydias pollute sexes, litters, feeders of pigsties, vygulnye court yard, pastures, forages, water, terrain of farms. Many oocyte contains in a dung and in a liquid dung vygulnyh platforms. Mechanically carry oocytes of cockcydias the attendants (with subjects of a leaving, footwear), and also rats, mice, flies, dogs, cats can. Appearance of a coccidiosis is promoted by such factors as dampness and warm air in pigsties in which there is a sporogony an oocyte, irregular harvesting of a dung, excessive density of disposition of animals, an incomplete feeding, it is especial sows (a disadvantage of protein, vitamins, microelements). In economies of blended type (reproduktorno-feeding) with bezvygulnym the content of sows with pigs from dry, pure loud-speakers in polluted with oocytes of cockcydias of a room translation of pigs is especially dangerous to a feeding livestock. All over again invazirujutsja separate animals. Then they start to secrete huge quantity an oocyte, and descends mass perezarazhenie the pigs which are taking place on a fattening. A coccidiosis of a pig catch at zaglatyvanii with water and a grass and with other forages sporulirovannyh an oocyte. Pigs catch in the first days of life through the udder of mother polluted with oocytes. Suckling - pigs on the second month of life and otjemyshi are especially susceptible to infection. Seasonal dynamics of a coccidiosis of pigs is various. In Sverdlovsk range the maximal extensiveness and intensity of an invasion observe in September - first half of October. Cockcydias of pigs are rather resistant in an external environment against the low temperatures, many chemical substances. A pathogeny. Development of disease process begins with penetration sporozoitov in epithelial cells of an intestines of pigs. Owing to a merogony there is a mass destruction of epithelial cells. Some kinds ejmery inpour not only into superficial cells, but also is deeper, blasting capillaries of vessels, therefore in excrements find out blood. Through a damaged wall of an intestines the microflora inpours and invokes the additional locus of an inflammation, and in the subsequent and a necrosis. In a thin department of an intestines the basic phylum of digestion - membranous is broken. The hydrolysis and a nutritive absorption is broken, there comes a chronic hunger of an organism of an animal. Inflammatory processes on a mucous membrane and its necrosises enlarge a clump of an exudate in a lumen of an intestines which complicates an absorption of a liquid in an organism of an animal. Consequence of these processes are diarrheas which frame conditions of a negative water balance in an organism sarcophagous, enlarge viscosity of blood and complicate a cardiac performance, being a principal cause of death of patients. In blood of patients the quantity of erythrocytes, a haemoglobin content, Saccharum, a glutathione, catalysises and a reserve alkalinity decreases. The albuminous structure of blood also variates, decreases also quantity of albumens, the content an alpha and beta globulins, especially scale of globulins is enlarged. Downstroke of activity fosfataz a thin intestines breaks process of an absorption of amino asids, conducts to a growth inhibition and development of an organism of a host. An intoxication of an organism products of an exchange ejmery and a putrefactive microflora, and also change of physical and chemical structure of blood conduct to infringement of nervous system, invoking oppression of animals, down to a coma, a tremor of muscles and a paralysis of extremities. The pathogeny ejmeriozov testifies to deep infringements in an organism as a whole, and not just in an organ where are localized, causal organisms. Symptoms and flow of disease. The incubation period compounds 3 - 15 days and more. Disease quite often section on localization of kinds of cockcydias into some forms. However observations show, that this invasion proceeds mainly in the blended form with a primary defeat of an intestines. Then the liver, a spleen, heart are involved in pathological process, kidneys and other important organs. In the beginning of disease it is amazed thick and thin departments of an intestines. After an incubation period at pullet, less often mature animals, have flabbiness, sharp oppression, motility is lost. They lay on a belly more. Appetite is lowered or is absent. The belly is ventricose, intense also very painful at a palpation. The vomiting is sometimes observed. Seen mucous membrane pale, sometimes icteric. The diarrhoea, stools fluid and a plenty of slime, and quite often bloody educes. The general temperature at acute flow can raise up to 40°Ñ and more. At development of a coma the temperature goes down below norm. The young plants infested by a coccidiosis, lag behind in growth, grow thin. The hair and woollen cover at patients becomes dim, fragile and tousled. Mark a polyuria (often secretion wet). Secretion of a spit sometimes strengthens. She becomes rich, tough. The catarrh of a mucous mouth, a nose and a conjunctive can educe. In angles of eyes and nasal apertures the purulent exudate which then dries up accumulates, crusts are formed. With a defeat of a liver animals weaken, complain of morbidity at a palpation in range of dextral hypochondrium a snarl, peep or mew, sometimes show aggression. The young plants strongly grow thin, attributes of a rickets strengthen. The yellowness of mucous membrane strengthens. At recruitment phenomenon in pathological process of nervous system paresises and paralysises of extremities and some sphincters can be observed various character of a spasm, less often. Pathological changes. Corpses of the gorged animals are exhausted. Seen mucous membrane are anemic also icteric. The mucous membrane thin, and sometimes and a large intestine dwarfed and inflamed. At serious acute flow observe hemorrhagic and even difteriticheskoe an inflammation mucous intestines. The struck liver and a spleen considerably enlarged and pererozhdeny. Gall ducts are amplate, walls of them dwarfed. On a surface of a liver or in a parenchyma it is possible to notice albesent nodules in size about a grain or about a pea. Nodules are filled with clotty contents and contain many oocyte. At chronic flow of an invasion mucous thin, less often thick departments of an intestines it a little dwarfed, grey colour with the albesent, dense nodules filled with cockcydias. The diagnosis put in a complex, with the count epizootologicheskih, the clinical and pathoanatomical data, and also microscopic examinations of faecal matters on a method of Darling or Fjulleborna. In the differentsialno-diagnostic attitude it is necessary to mean enteritises of bacterial, virus and other etiology. For this purpose a pathological material send in bacteriological or virologic laboratories for detection of the disease-producing factor. Poisonings exclude by the detailed tax of the anamnestic data. Treatment should be complex. The feeding should be dietary and include legkoperevarivaemye and malorazdrazhajushchie forages: meat and fish broths, decoction of drug plants, milk, fluid rice or porridges is especial from seeds of flax and rice. In circuits of treatment include various koktsidiostatiki from which appoint himkoktsid within 3 days more often. It set with a forage at the rate of 0,024 g on 1 kg of mass of a body. Except for him with success are applied: koktsidin, koktsidiovit, amprolium, farmkoktsid, toltrazuril, etc. The treating veterinary should appoint the Dose and course of treatment. At absence koktsidiostatikov it is possible to replace them sulfanilamidnymi with preparations: Sulfadimezinum or Norsulfazolum. Them solve in water and vypaivajut with it 5 - 7 days or admix with a forage at the rate of 0,01-0,05 g/kg. Sulfadimethoxinum appoint in a dose 0,1 - 0,2 g/kg with a forage, and the next four days in a dose 0,05 - 0,1 g/kg. Still the best effect is reached at simultaneous application of Sulfanilamidums and antibiotics - Tetracyclinum or Levomycetinum. Antibiotics are applied in therapeutic doses, There are data on high efficacyy at a coccidiosis of some Nitrofuranums (furadonina and furozolidona). The expected treatment should include vitamins and Polyvitaminums, normal saline solutions, gepatoprotektory, antiallergic, krovoostanavlivajushchie and other means. Prophylaxis. It is necessary to keep animals in pure, dry and well aired rooms. Pigsties, ranges, and waterbowls clear feeders of excrements and disinfect a hot 3 %-s' solution of a caustic sodium, walls and paint ceilings a lime. There should not be a density of animals. For years camps select dry, raised places, camp it is desirable to change annually. All pigs again acting in an economy survey on koktsidijnuju an invasion and if necessary treat. The ration of a feeding should be balanced on nutrients and vitamins. It is necessary carefully and to flush and degerm utensils and subjects of a leaving on a regular basis. OWN RESEARCHESthe Characteristics of an economy.Collective farm " Red ????n" area Bogdanovicheskogo it is posed in two kilometers from station Grjaznovskaja of the Sverdlovsk railway. The structure of collective farm includes a dairy - commodity farm (dairy - commodity cattle breeding) and a pig-farm (cultivation and a fattening of pigs on meat). The pig-farm is in 300 m from a workmen's settlement (with. Baraba). Includes 3 cases and years camp. The enclosuring of a farm is absent, sanitary inspection rooms are not equipped. The food supply own, but rations low on nutritiousness also does not correspond to age and efficiency of animals. Besides on a farm effect an osteal meal from corpses of pigs, the control over keeping of a regimen of a disinfection it is not effected. On a farm 1233 heads of pigs (the data on 1.08.2000ã.), from them pigs in the age of 0-4 months of 973 heads contain. The content of animals stall-camp. Pigsties as one-storeyed trochleas, have the rooms of the basic and auxiliary value divided into sections. Sows contain in individual machine tools, pigs - otemyshi and on a fattening in group cells, number of pigs in the machine tool 28-34 (in norm - up to 24). Are available vygulnye platforms. The control over a condition of a microclimate is not carried out, in some window apertures there are no glasses. Illuminating intensity weak. The dung is taken out mechanically and stored near pigsties. Prophylactic disinfection is carried out 2 times in year, 2-3 % a solution of a caustic soda are applied. Liquidation of helminths is carried out irregularly, is not system, preparations are selected chaotically, without preliminary check of efficacyy. The characteristics of the arisen disease and spent diagnostic researches. Disease has arisen on a pig-farm in 1999 year. The enterprise of any researches did not carry out, the diagnosis has not been put in connection with low qualification of the veterinary worker. We in August 2000 years had been lead prophylactic medical examination of a livestock of pigs which results have shown, that the majority of pigs have a fatness below average and low. Among otemyshej about 10 % *quot are recorded; ???«????®". At pigs podsosnogo the season the diarrhea which is not giving in to treatment by usual methods is marked. The daily withdrawal of pigs compounds 5-7 heads. The author had been independently lead pathoanatomical dissection of five heads of pigs of different age. The basic pathoanatomical changes were localized in a thin and thick intestines. At all pigs it was marked in a thin intestines: the mucous membrane of red colour, with extravasations, is coated with slime, vessels of a mesentery sharply inetsirovany. A thick intestines: the colon outside of dirty - green colour, a mucous membrane condensed, reddish colour, with flavovirent applyings. In a lumen of an intestine - mucous foamy mass. A caecum: the mucous membrane is coated with yellowish outgrowths which are difficultly abjointed from walls. The author also had been lead microscopic examination of a scraping from a mucous membrane of a colon, thus oocytes of cockcydias have been found. By results of clinical, pathoanatomical, microscopic examinations the diagnosis - a coccidiosis has been put. Then tests of a faecal matter for koprologicheskih researches have been selected with the purpose of an establishment of the helmintologic status of herd. Researches were carried out on faculty of contagious and invasion diseases UrGSHA. The faecal matter was culled from group of the animals keeping in one case. 3 groups on 5 heads have been generated: pigs - otemyshi, pigs on a fattening, sows. Results lead koprologicheskih researches have revealed a blended invasion svinopogolovja. By results of the lead researches the final diagnosis - an eimerios complicated balantidiozom, by an ascaridosis and ezofagostomozom has been put. Treatment of disease.For treatment of an eimerios and balantidioza the preparation Nifulinum - forte - the complex antibacterial and antiprotozoal preparation keeping Metronidazolum, Furazolidonum, Tetracyclinum has been offered. Represents granuljat, yellow colour, well solves in water. Reacting substances of the given preparation are absorbed from a gastrointestinal tract and inpour into the majority of organs and tissues of an organism, therapeutic concentration are kept in whey of blood not less than 12 hours after introduction, the preparation mainly with a urine and in part with excrements is deduced. The preparation was set inside, individual, in the morning and in the evening during 4õ days (the first course of treatment), in a dose of mass of a body of 0,5 g/kg. It has been processed 366 animals keeping in years camp. A rate of a preparation combined with a unitary injection trivita in a dose 2 ml / head. In the season of processing of pigs the Nifulinum at them marked insignificant downstroke of appetite, flabbiness, one pig a forest fire. On dissection ascertained a coccidiosis. After processing by a Nifulinum to pigs in a forage within a week added bifitrilak in a dose 0,3 g / a head with the purpose of correction of a normal microflora of an intestines. In a month after the lead measures repeated helmintologic research of a faecal matter of the pigs processed by a Nifulinum has been lead. Individual ejmerii have been found only in one test from thirty. CALCULATION OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF APPLICATION OF THE PREPARATION " THE NIFULINUM - FORTE" FOR PROPHYLAXIS OF THE COCCIDIOSIS.For calculation of economic efficiency of a preparation observation over pigs from the years camp, processed by a Nifulinum (trial group, 60 heads) and the same livestock of pigs of the basic herd to which a Nifulinum did not give (control group) was led. Calculation of the economic injury caused by a coccidiosis: 1. Economic injury from an epizooty of pigs from a coccidiosis in trial and control group (the charge of forages in both groups was identical): Ó1=M * (Ñï+Âï*Ò*Ö) - Sf, where M - the quantity gorged or is compelled killed pigs, heads (in the first group - 1 goal., in the second - 13 goal.), Sp - cost of young plants at a birth (40 roubles), Vp - a daily average gain of alive mass, kg (in the first group - 0,255, in the second - 0,131), T - age of pigs, dn. (120 dn.), TS - cost of a unit of production (1 kg of alive mass - 16,17 roubles), Sf - the monetary proceeds from processing products of a killing or cadaveric raw material on mjasokostnuju a meal (are not processed), Ó1 for the first group=1 * (40+0,255*120*16,17)=534,8 roubles Ó1 for the second group=13 * (40+0,131*120*16,17)=3824,5 roubles 2. Economic injury from downstroke of efficiency (average daily gain): Ó2=Ì3 * (Â1-Â2) *Ò*Ö, where Ì3 - quantity of pigs, heads (60 goal.), Â1-an average daily gain at the first group, Â2 - an average daily gain at the second group, T - duration of observation (30 days). Ó2=60 * (0,255-0,131 *30*16,17=3609,14 3. The total sum of actual economic injury has made: in the first group: Ó=534,8 roubles, in the second group: Ó=3824,5+3609,14=7433,64 roubles, In total 7968,44 roubles Calculation of material and labour expenses: 4. A payment of hog women at a rate of a Nifulinum (time of distribution to pigs in years camp according to the circuit of application of a preparation 4 hours per day 4 days): Working costs of 1 hour of a hog woman 5,9 roubles, Hence, the payment of a hog woman has made: 5,9 * 16=94,4 roubles for course of treatment. 5. Material inputs: cost of 1 kg. " ????????" 110 roubles, for 1 pig on a course of prophylactic processing were required 0,08 kg of a preparation, hence, for prophylaxis of a coccidiosis at 60 pigs 4,8 kg have been spent. Material inputs have made 110 * 4,8=528 roubles 6. In total material and labour expenses: Çâ=94,4+528=622,4 roubles Calculation of economic efficiency of a preparation " ???????": 7. Calculation of the injury prevented by prophylaxis of a coccidiosis of young plants by a preparation " ???????": Ïó=Ó (the second group) - At (the first group), Pu=3824,5-534,8=3289,7 roubles 8. Calculation of economic benefit of the coccidiosis of young plants received as a result of prophylaxis: Ýâ=Ïó+Äñ+Ýç-Çâ, where Ds - the cost received in addition for the account augmentation of an average daily gain, Äñ=Ìç * (Âï1-Âï2) *Ö*Ò Äñ=60 * (0,255-0,131 *16,17*30=3609,14 roubles Ez - economy labour and material inputs as a result of application of more effective means, Zv - expenses for carrying out of prophylaxis of a coccidiosis. Ýâ=3289,7+3609,14 - 622,4=6276,44 roubles 9. Definition of economic efficiency of a preparation " ???????" counting upon 1 rouble of expenses: Ýð=Ýâ/Çâ, Ýð=6276,44 / 622,4=10,08 roubles Breedings and offers.In collective farm " Red ????n" on the data epizootologicheskih, clinical, pathoanatomical, helmintologic researches at pigs the diagnosis an eimerios complicated balantidiozom and an ascaridosis has been put. To treatment of an eimerios and balantidioza applied a Nifulinum according to the summary. Lead after treatment koprologicheskie researches have shown, that the given preparation is effective enough at struggle against protozoal invasions. The antibiotic included in a preparation, allows at treatment of an eimerios and balantidioza simultaneously to carry out prophylaxis of the infections educing again. And according to results koprologicheskogo researches after the first processing can be not carried out the second, specified in the summary to a preparation. Besides high economic benefit is received at application of the given preparation. Economic efficiency has made 10,08 roubles on rouble of expenses. For reception of the greater effect it is recommended to lead processing of all stayed svinopogolovja a Nifulinum, and for complete remission of animals of invasions in addition to lead degelmintizatsiju against an ascaridosis and ezofagostomoza. Besides the further carrying out monitoringovyh koprologicheskih researches of animals of the given agricultural enterprise is recommended. the List of the used literature:
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