COURSE WORK
on " the Organizations and economy of a veterinary affair "
the Theme: Economic efficiency of a preparation " Ekost-B " for prophylaxis of a dispepsia of calfs in state farm " Kamensky "
THE CONTENT.
- Introduction.
- the Brief characteristics of an economy.
- the Characteristics of a veterinary service of an economy.
- the Analysis of a sick rate and an epizooty of neonatal calfs from a dispepsia in state farm " Kamensky ".
- Calculation of economic efficiency of application of a preparation " Ekost " with the purpose of prophylaxis of a dispepsia at calfs
- Discussion of the received results
- Breedings and offers
- the Literature
INTRODUCTION.
Infringement of technology of the content, a low feeding level, and also non-observance of veterinarno-sanitary measures causes downstroke of the general resistance of an organism of pregnant animals. On this background such negative phenomena, as abortions and a birth of dead babies, augmentation of the diseases invoked by a conditional - pathogenic microflora and stressful factors, a birth of hypotrophic babies and growth of a withdrawal of young plants evidently act.
For prophylaxis and treatment of diseases of young plants of early age available antibiotics and chemotherapeutic preparations do not bring desirable effect. Application of vaccines in this age ineffectively since the immune system of animals is still insufficiently advanced. Because of poor quality of a colostrum a low level kolostralnogo immunity, at the same time a part kolostralnyh anti-bodies can be quenched by antigens of introduced vaccines, aggravating contagious process.
In the cattle-breeding enterprises actually enough there is a problem of downstroke of additional weights at young plants owing to a dispepsia meeting at 65-100 % of calfs. Though death from a usual dispepsia at calfs low, some calfs up to 1-month's age at all do not give additional weights.
In this connection big attention development of circuits of application of preparations deserve on the basis of natural adsorbents, it is especial if they have immunokorrektirujushchim action.
The purpose of the given work was calculation of economic efficiency and a substantiation of perspectivity of use of a preparation ekost-B for prophylaxis of a dispepsia at calfs and rising of additional weights in state farm " Kamensky ".
THE BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECONOMY.
State farm " Kamensky " includes settlement Pozariha, CHernousovo and Cheremkhovo, and it is posed in a northwest part of city Kamensk-Ural. All settlements were included in zone VURSa, and settlements Pozariha and Cheremkhovo - in a zone " And " with a level of activity than 10 Ku/km.s there are more
Researches of residual levels of contamination by strontium - 901992 g have revealed in area of settlement Pozariha and a settlement Cheremkhovo density of contamination from 1 up to 2 Ku/kms. In 2-3 kms from settlement Pozariha it is posed Sinarsky a tubal factory, and also series of the enterprises of defensive value. All branches of state farm are in immediate proximity from the river Kamenki (inflow of the river an Inet).
An economy - a milk direction, 90 % of herd of cows golshtinofrizskoj breeds. A livestock of cows - 1800 heads, average efficiency for a lactation - 4306 kg. Phylum of a feeding - a silage and a concentrate. Structure of a ration: the basic part is borrowed with juicy foods (79 %), roughages (10 %), concentrates (11 %). On a fattening 600 heads contain, there is a pigsty where contains about 200 pigs.
On farms water delivery, a milking of cows, harvesting of a dung is completely mechanized. Preparation of forages carry out on own pastures. A fertilization of cows artificial.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VETERINARY SERVICE OF THE ECONOMY.
In the chapter of a veterinary service of an economy there is a main veterinary of state farm " Kamensky " Grebennikov S.V. who carries out the general management of veterinary works in state farm, carries out the control over veterinarno-sanitary condition MTF and a pig breeding farm, quality of forages, effects purchase of medical products and biological preparations. Compounds reports under the form 1 monthly, under the form 1à quarterly, under the form 2-âåò each year.
On branches 4 veterinaries of the executor, 3 veterinary orderlies work.
On farms the out-patient magazine, magazine on vaccinations, a log-book of disinfection, a disinfection and deratization is on a regular basis conducted.
THE ANALYSIS OF THE SICK RATE AND THE EPIZOOTY OF CALFS IN STATE FARM " KAMENSKY " FROM THE DISPEPSIA.
A dispepsia - proceeding disease of the neonatal animal, showing the functional digestive disturbance, a metabolism, a dehydration and an intoxication of an organism is acute.
An etiology. Special value in appearance of a dispepsia in neonatal calfs has inferiority of rations of mothers in a fruiting season (mainly in last his third) on protein, vitamins, inorganic substances.
The appreciable number of cases of diseases of calfs happens in those economies where to pregnant cows feed a plenty of a substandard press of beet or a silage with presence in them of an oil acid, and to pigs - a substandard potato.
Inferiority of rations of mothers in last third of pregnancy results in downstroke of a biological value of a colostrum, reduction of the content in a nem of protein, in particular lakto-gamma-globulins, and also vitamins, inorganic substances. To disease neonatal promote also an overdue rate of a colostrum for the first suction, a feeding to calfs of a colostrum refrigerated, polluted or received from mothers sick of mastitises. In such cases process of colonization of an intestines by the conforming normal microflora is broken.
Appearance of dispepsias is accompanied with a frigorism of young plants in crude and cold rooms or an overheating in the summer at camp disposition without canopies.
In state farm " Kamensky " the dispepsia at calfs arose, on seen, owing to an irregular feeding of mothers in the season of a dead wood (a feeding of a silage, a malt - residue), infringement of regulations vypaivanija a colostrum (a delayed rate) and vypaivanija milk from cows with latent mastitises.
A pathogeny. Various infringements in a feeding of neonatal young plants result in irregular process of digestion of a colostrum, and infringement of a peristalsis of an intestines which are observed at a frigorism or an overheating of a pullet organism, invoke astsenziju (transition) of microorganisms from a thick department of an intestines in thin. The normal microflora of an intestines is changed large sporoobrazujushchimi with bacilluses and anaerobes, coccal microorganisms and other kinds of microbes. Thus, in a microflora the ratio of Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms that results in infringement of functions of an intestines, and augmentation of a toxicogenic microflora - to development of a toxicosis variates.
The water hunger reduces a secretion of alimentiry glands, reduces production of the ferments participating in chemical metamorphosises of milk and other forages in a stomach and an intestines.
Vypaivanie a colostrum to calfs from a bucket or his rate with infringement of the accepted schedule of a feeding results in greedy absorption of a colostrum by the big portions. The colostrum in such conditions is not admixed with enough of a spit, overflows at calfs an esophagus trench, dilates it and gets in underdeveloped and nonfunctioning gizzards where processes of putrefactive decomposition begin. Besides acting in the big portions in an abomasum, a colostrum is not exposed completely to normal influence of a gastric juice and, moving ahead in a thin department of an intestines, invokes digestive disturbances.
It fixed, that at cows with a latent mastitis, and also at had been ill with a mastitis in the last lactation the colostrum is defective (in a nem there is no inhibitor of Trypsinum), that the scale of globulins neonatal through a digestive tract in the first days of life results in infringement of transfer, 90 % of calfs from such mothers fall ill with dispepsias in the first days of life.
The disadvantage of a carotene and a retinol of a feed of calfs enlarges permeability of epithelial barriers to microorganisms. With - the vitaminic hunger of a pullet organism is sharply reflected in secretory functions of a stomach owing to what digestion of a colostrum and milk is broken. Deficiency of vitamins of group In breaks motor functions of a stomach and an intestines that results in a delay in them of processes of digestion, to redistribution of a microflora in an intestines and to an absorption of products of abnormal digestion of fodder substances. The mineral hunger, first of all, is reflected in processes of production, a hydrochloric acid, ferments and a curdling of milk in an abomasum or a stomach. Influence on a colostrum of ferments of a stomach (abomasum) thus happens insufficient, and at transition of a chyme in a thin department of an intestines it cannot normally be digested and absorbed, there is a diarrhoea promoting removal from an intestines of products of abnormal digestion, having a toxicity.
At a dispepsia mark superfluous accumulation in blood and tissues of a histamine which renders toxic influence on the central nervous system, breaks motor and secretory functions of a gastrointestinal tract, invokes cardiovascular failure and weakening of immunobiological activity of an organism.
Owing to change of a normal course of digestion of a forage at a dispepsia there are infringements in a metabolism, worsens a feed of tissues, there comes a breakdown and the reactivity of all an organism, variates
All systems of an organism are involved in pathological process. Permeability of an intestinal barrier is broken, ability of a liver is reduced to decontaminate the harmful substances acting in blood that enhances accumulation in an organism of toxiferous products. Under their influence there is an infringement of activity of the central nervous system adducting in appearance of an adynamia (zalezhivaniju), to spasms, disturbing or a condition of apathy.
Loss of plenties of water from an organism at infringement of an absorption frames a serious condition of a toxicosis and a dehydration of tissues. Owing to developed eksikoza are enlarged the content of dry matters in blood and its viscosity, and it complicates processes of a blood circulation, is especial in capillaries.
We in January - February, 2001 had been lead prophylactic medical examination of calfs till 1 month which results have shown, that the majority of calfs have low mass of a body. At 95 % of neonatal calfs in 1-2 days after a birth it is observed simple (not toxic) a dispepsia, the withdrawal owing to a dispepsia compounds 4-7 % of bearing calfs every month (in January, 2001 55 calfs are received, has gorged owing to a dispepsia - 4 goal; in February 43 calfs are received, has gorged from a dispepsia 2 goal.). At other had been ill calfs downstroke of additional weights is marked.
At calfs disease was characterized by a digestive disturbance without appreciable changes in the general condition, at some animals marked a depression. The body temperature was in limens of norm. Also the dispepsia at them showed uchashchennymi defecations with secretion of a liquefactive faecal matter
Also pathoanatomical dissection of the calfs which have gorged from a dispepsia has been lead and the following pathoanatomical changes were recorded. Corpses have been exhausted, the volume of muscles diminished, in range of large joints decubituses, alopetsii. Attributes of a dehydration (sticking of eyes, dryness of a hypodermic tissue, serous covers) were marked. The hypodermic tissue and adipopexis had pale colour. The spleen was without changes. The hyperemia and a swelling of a mucous membrane of a thin department of an intestines was observed. In an abomasum (stomach) are found out dense, rezinopodobnye clots of a casein, and in an intestines - rich slime. A liver brightly clay. The gall bladder is filled with a gall of dark colour, a rich consistence. Mesenteric lymphonoduses enlarged.
By results of clinical and pathoanatomical researches the diagnosis a dispepsia has been put.
Prophylaxis and treatment: To treatment of a dispepsia in state farm applied so-called " tea ", representing decoction of hay. It admixed with milk and vypaivali to calfs. However such method of treatment did not give positive takes, at calfs still did not pass a diarrhoea, additional weights were low.
To prophylaxis of a dispepsia at neonatal began to apply a sorbent ekost-B - a preparation of new generation. It contains biological - awake dioksid silicon (a hydrophobic silicon) and a complex of microelements. Represents a highly dispersive powder of white colour, has high sorbtsionnoj activity and effect stimulating immunity.
A preparation set inside with a colostrum an individual way once a day with milk of 5 days in a dose 2 g on a head. For definition of efficacyy of application of a preparation 2 groups of neonatal calfs on 10 heads have been generated.
To calfs I of group from first day after a birth with the purpose of prophylaxis of a dispepsia set Ekost-B, calfs of II group served as the control.
Appeared, that from trial group was not ill any calf, from control group of 7 calfs were ill a dispepsia, 1 calf a forest fire.
In a month after the lead measures it has been lead pereveska and clinical research of calfs. At calfs of control group the average daily gain compounded 103 g, at calfs of trial group - 226
The charge of a preparation on a course for 10 calfs has made 50 doses on 2 g, cost of 1 dose 1,5 roubles. Thus, expenses for a course of prophylactic processing of 10 calfs from a dispepsia have made 75 roubles
CALCULATION OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF APPLICATION OF THE PREPARATION " EKOST-B " FOR PROPHYLAXIS OF THE DISPEPSIA NEONATAL.
Calculation of the economic injury caused by a dispepsia:
1. Economic injury from an epizooty of calfs from a dispepsia in control group:
Ó1=M * (Ñï+Âï*Ò*Ö) - Sf, where
M - the quantity gorged or is compelled killed calfs, heads (1 goal.),
Sp - cost of young plants at a birth (810 roubles),
Vp - a daily average gain of alive mass, kg (0,103),
T - age of pigs, dn. (5 dn.),
TS - cost of a unit of production (1 kg of alive mass - 30 roubles),
Sf - the monetary proceeds from processing products of a killing or cadaveric raw material on an osteal meal (are not processed),
Ó1 for control groups=1 * (810+0,103*5*30)=825,45 roubles
2. Economic injury from downstroke of efficiency (average daily gain):
Ó2=Ì3 * (Â1-Â2) *Ò*Ö, where
Ì3 - quantity of pigs, heads,
Â1-an average daily gain at calfs of trial group,
Â2 - an average daily gain at control group,
T - duration of observation (30 days).
Ó2=10 * (0,226-0,103 *30*30=1107 roubles
3. The total sum of actual economic injury has made: in trial group: Ó=0 roubles, in control group: At=1107 + 825,45=1932,45 roubles,
In total 1932,45 roubles
Calculation of material and labour expenses:
4. A payment of calfwomen at a rate of a preparation (once a day vypaivali with a colostrum, to one calf within 5 minutes, 10 calfs - 50 minutes, 5 times. I.e. expenses of time for a course of prophylaxis of 250 minutes, or 4 hours):
Working costs of 1 hour of a hog woman 8,6 roubles,
Hence, the payment of the calfwoman has made: 8,6*4=34,4 roubles for all course of prophylactic processings.
5. Material inputs: cost of 1 dose " ekosta " 1,5 roubles, for prophylaxis of a dispepsia at 10 calfs have been spent, according to the above-stated circuit of 50 doses.
Material inputs have made 50*1,5=75 roubles
6. In total material and labour expenses: Çâ=34,4+75=109,4 roubles
Calculation of economic efficiency of a preparation " Ekost ":
7. Calculation of the injury prevented by prophylaxis of a dispepsia of young plants by a preparation " Ekost ":
Ïó=Ó (control group) - At (trial group),
Pu=1932,45 - 0=1932,45 roubles
8. Calculation of economic benefit received as a result of prophylaxis of a dispepsia of young plants:
Ýâ=Ïó+Äñ+Ýç-Çâ, where
Ds - the cost received in addition for the account augmentation of an average daily gain, Äñ=Ìç * (Âï1-Âï2) *Ö*Ò
Äñ=10 * (0,226-0,103) *30*30=1107 roubles
Ez - economy labour and material inputs as a result of application of more effective means,
Zv - expenses for carrying out of prophylaxis of a coccidiosis.
Ev=1932,45+1107 - 109,4=2930,05 roubles
9. Definition of economic efficiency of a preparation " ekost " counting upon 1 rouble of expenses:
Ýð=Ýâ/Çâ, Ýð=2930,05/109,4=26,78 roubles
DISCUSSION OF THE RECEIVED RESULTS.
After the lead economic calculations we have established, that application of a preparation " Ekost " even as a prophylactic means reduces a sick rate of neonatal calfs a dispepsia, raises their resistance to other diseases, enlarges daily average additional weights by 0,123 kg, raising efficacyy and profitability of manufacture. However for rising profitableness of the given branch of animal husbandry it is necessary to give also more attention to a correct feeding and the content of mothers, it is especial last 3 months of a pregnancy, is well-timed to carry out veterinarno-sanitary and medical measures, to watch roar of medicinal preparations and scientific developments, to test in application inexpensive, but effective preparations.
BREEDINGS AND OFFERS.
The causes of originating of a dispepsia at calfs in state farm " Kamensky " the deflection from hygienic regulations of a feeding stelnyh dry cows which even last months before calving feed a malt - residue and a poor-quality silage, most likely, serves. Besides in an economy not enough attention is given well-timed diagnosis of latent mastitises, and also rules vypaivanija a colostrum are broken, treatment of a dispepsia is not carried out.
As a result of the lead researches and calculations it fixed, that a preparation " Ekost " improves safety of calfs due to downstroke of a sick rate and an epizooty of neonatal calfs from a dispepsia. Calfs quickly type mass, additional weights are enlarged practically in 2 times, and stimulating immunity effect of a preparation causes rising resistance of young plants to other diseases. Economic benefit of application of the given preparation in state farm " Kamensky " has made 2930,05 roubles (26,78 roubles on 1 rouble of expenses). That is the main advantage of a preparation is his cheapness (7,5 roubles on one calf at one prophylactic processing) at high efficacyy.
On the basis of the received results it is possible to offer veterinary experts of state farm " Kamensky " constantly to apply " Ekost " for prophylaxis of a dispepsia and rising of a resistance of calfs. However it is necessary to take into account what to raise profitability of manufacture it is possible only under condition of keeping all veterinarno-sanitary and hygienic regulations of the content of animals on cattle-breeding complexes.
THE LITERATURE.
- the Veterinary Legislation. T. 2. Under A.D.Tretjakova's general edition. Moscow, " the Ear ", 1972
- Internal noncontagious diseases. Under red. I.G.Sharabrina. Moscow, " Agropromizdat ", 1985
- Ginzburg A.G.Organizatsija and planning of a veterinary affair. Moscow, 1985
- Nikitin I.I., Voskobojnik V.F., Vasilevskij N.M., etc. The Organization and economy of a veterinary affair. A practical work. Moscow, 1998
- the Organization and economy of a veterinary affair. Under edition Tretjakova A.D. Moscow, 1987ã.,
- Petrenko V.I.methodical of the indicating on performance of course work on " the Organizations and economy of a veterinary affair ". Ekaterinburg, 1996ã.
- the Manual of a veterinary / Altuhov N.M., Afanasjev V.I., Bashkirov B.A., etc. M.: the Ear, 1996
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