COURSE WORK
in a subject " the Organization and economy of a veterinary affair and »?«???«?????"
the Theme: Efficacyy of application of Mixoferonum at vaccination of calfs against an acute respiratory virus infection in state farm " ??????¬?®"
THE CONTENT.
- Introduction
- the Brief characteristics of an economy
- the Characteristics of a veterinary service of an economy
- the Epizootic situation on an acute respiratory virus infection of calfs and prophylaxises in state farm " ??????¬?®"
- Calculation of economic efficiency of application of a preparation Mixoferonum at vaccination of calfs against an acute respiratory virus infection
- Discussion of the received results
- Breedings and offers
- the Literature
1. INTRODUCTION.
Now in connection with concentration of animal husbandry on the small areas the big loss is caused as a result of diseases and death of young plants. Especially big losses are marked at the diseases proceeding for phylum of acute respiratory infections.
The virus diseases is conditional termed " ??????", have got recently a wide circulation. The contagious rhinotracheitis, a parainfluenza and a virus diarrhea concern to these diseases. The given diseases proceeding, as a rule, as multi-infections, cause the serious economic injury connected to downstroke of meat and milk efficiency, infringement of reproduction and death of young plants.
In economies of Sverdlovsk range blended virus infections wide-spread everywhere, scope of a number of cattle by them has increased in comparison with the previous years on 25 %. Owing to the acute respiratory diseases proceeding at us in range for phylum of epizooties, perishes from 1 up to 30 % of calfs. Also virus infections open a path to chronic diseases which become the cause of a culling of cattle in 50 % of cases.
Other party of the given problem is even more actual. Now there are serious proofs of ecological trouble of Sverdlovsk range. It is connected both to natural sources of a radioactivity, and with radiative contamination of terrain as a result of failure on ON " ??n¬", as a result of which the East - Ural radioactive trace, together with with appreciable technogenic contamination of terrain was formed. It is known also, that the immune system of the first suffers from action of technogenic xenobiotics, and in ecologically unsuccessful terrains at animals parameters of the immune status (by Donnik I.M., etc., 1995) are reduced.
Vaccination of animals against an acute respiratory virus infection is almost a unique way of prophylaxis of disease. However it fixed, that in terrains of so-called ecological risk (zone VURSa) animals even more often have cases of break of immunity or the weak immune answer at vaccinations against virus and bacterial diseases (Donnik I.M., Malkov S.V., Petrova O.G.). Modern directions of an ecological immunology include development of circuits of rising of efficacyy of vaccinations by application of immunomodulating factors.
The purpose of the given work was calculation of economic efficiency and use of a preparation Mixoferonum for rising efficacyy of specific prophylaxis of acute respiratory virus infections in state farm " ??????¬?®".
2. THE BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECONOMY.
State farm " ??????¬?®" includes a settlement of Pozariha, CHernousovo and Cheremkhovo, and it is posed in a northwest part of. Kamensk-Ural. All settlements were included in zone VURSa, and settlements of Pozariha and Cheremkhovo - in a zone " ?" with a level of activity than 10 Ku/km.s there are more
Researches of residual levels of contamination by strontium - to 901992 year have revealed in area of a settlement of Pozariha and a settlement Cheremkhovo density of contamination from 1 up to 2 Ku/kms. In 2-3 kms from item of Pozariha it is posed Sinarsky a tubal factory, and also series of the enterprises of defensive value. All branches of state farm are in immediate proximity from the river Kamenki (inflow of the river an Inet).
An economy - a milk direction, 90 % of herd of cows golshtinofrizskoj breeds. A livestock of cows - 1800 heads, average efficiency for a lactation - 4306 kg. Phylum of a feeding - a silage and a concentrate. Structure of a ration: the basic part is borrowed with juicy foods (79 %), roughages (10 %), concentrates (11 %). On a fattening 600 heads contain, there is a pigsty where contains about 200 pigs.
On farms water delivery, a milking of cows, harvesting of a dung is completely mechanized. Preparation of forages carry out on own ugodjah. A fertilization of cows artificial.
3. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VETERINARY SERVICE OF THE ECONOMY.
In the chapter of a veterinary service of an economy there is a main veterinary of state farm " ??????¬?®" Grebennikov S.V. who carries out the general management of veterinary works in state farm, carries out the control over veterinarno-sanitary condition MTF and a pig breeding farm, quality of forages, effects purchase of medical products and biological preparations. Compounds reports under the form 1 monthly, under the form 1à quarterly, under the form 2-âåò each year.
On branches 4 veterinaries of the executor, 3 veterinary orderlies work.
On farms the out-patient magazine, magazine on vaccinations, a log-book of disinfection, a disinfection and deratization is on a regular basis conducted.
4. THE EPIZOOTIC SITUATION ON AN ACUTE RESPIRATORY VIRUS INFECTION OF CALFS IN STATE FARM " KAMENSKY ".
4.1. Etiological and epizootologicheskie features an acute respiratory virus infection at a large horned stock.
To acute respiratory virus infections of a large horned stock carry a contagious rhinotracheitis - a pustular vulvovaginitis, a parainfluenza and a virus diarrhea. The given diseases are characterized by practically identical clinical picture and pathoanatomical changes that complicates their diagnosis, and show at calfs, as a rule, the respiratory form and acute flow.
Causal organism IRT-PVV is DNK-KEEPING of family and a stem gerpesvirusov. The causal organism of a parainfluenza is the RNK-KEEPING paramyxovirus, the causal organism of a virus diarrhea - RNK-KEEPING of family togavirusov.
Epizootologicheskie the data. In natural conditions of a contagious rhinotracheitis the large horned stock, irrespective of breed and age is sick only. Most hardly disease proceeds at a feeding livestock, is especial at animal meat breeds. Of a virus diarrhea the large horned stock usually in the age of from 2 months (more often 5 - month) up to 2 flying is sick. Can be sick and calfs in the age of 1 - 4 day and 3 - 7-years cows.
A source of a contagium at IRT are the sick and had been ill animals secreting a virus during 6 - 19 months after convalescence. The virus is secreted with a nasal secret, the expirations from eyes and sexual organs, with milk, a urine, a faecal matter, a sperm. The bulls - sires who have had been ill with genital form IRT are especially dangerous. Factors of transfer can be infected air, forages, a sperm, subjects of a leaving, vehicles, and also birds, hexapods, people having contact to sick animals. A source of a contagium at VD also are a sick animal and the virus vectors secreting a virus within 4 months and more. The cases of a latent infection accompanying with abortions at cows are known. Animals secrete a virus with a faecal matter, a urine, a spit, the nasal expirations, a secret of eyes. Detection of specific anti-bodies at clinically able-bodied large horned stock, pigs, the sheeps, mooses and deers testifies to rather wide circulation of a virus in a nature.
In natural conditions animals catch IRT, basically, aerogenic and by direct contact. Disease arises in economies of industrial type, at acquisition of groups of animals by the modular livestock having various immunity to virus IRT more often. The dense content, an overheating, a frigorism and an incomplete feeding of animals, a bad microclimate in rooms promote diffusion of disease to an economy.
Of a parainfluenza - 3 calfs in the age of from 10 days before year usually are sick, less often - the young plants are more senior than year. Mature animals too are susceptible, but are sick asymptomatically. Wide infection of animals is promoted by a redistribution of a livestock at formation of complexes which results in infringement of relational balance between macroorganisms and microorganisms. A source of the causal organism of a parainfluenza is the sick animal secreting a virus with expired air and the expirations from a nose. The most intensive secretion of the causal organism is marked in the first days of disease, in the season of the expressed clinical attributes. Serologic researches fix wide circulation of virus ÏÃ-3 among an able-bodied large horned stock of all age groups (80 - 100 %), and also at the sheeps, pigs, horses, water buffaloes and many kinds of a bird. Presence wide carriages of the causal organism of a virus of a parainfluenza - 3 defines constant and omnipresent his conservation in a nature.
Infection of animals by a parainfluenza descends aerogenic more often, but orally and sexual ways are possible. On development and exhibiting of disease the big influence is rendered with an immunological condition of the macroorganism, conditions of the content and a feeding level of animals, a virulence and a dose of the causal organism. At calfs, it is well-timed received a colostrum, find out antihemagglutinins to a virus of a parainfluenza - 3 in titer 1 : 80 - 1 : 160 during 2 - 4 months. Presence of parainfluenza anti-bodies in titers 1 : 40 and above interferes with a course of a disease. The life which have had been ill in the first days by a diarrhea calfs are more susceptible to a parainfluenza - 3 and can be ill in early age. Calfs most hard are sick is more senior 2 - 3 months
The virus diarrhea is recorded more often among young plants of large-scale farms (complexes). Infection of animals descends basically in the nutritional way, sometimes aerogenic and vnutriutrobno. Factors of transfer of the causal organism can be infected forages, subjects of a leaving, water; transfer of a virus through footwear, clothes of the attendants is possible.
The important value in a course of a disease, its exhibiting has quantity of susceptible animals in herd. The big number of animals provides fast and repeated passaging the causal organism, intensifying of his virulence that results in activation of epizootic process and more serious flow of disease at the majority of animals.
The degree of specific protection influences exhibiting IRT and at the calfs having a low level of enormous anti-bodies; at them flow of disease with a uncharacteristic defeat respiratory and a gastrointestinal tract is possible.
Acute flash IRT in earlier safe economy is characterized by the big scope of a livestock - all susceptible animals are sick almost. Further IRT can show latentno or as sporadic cases. Disease is recorded at any time year, but is more often under unfavorable weather conditions (autumn, winter, spring).
The virus diarrhea proceeds as epizootic flashes, basically in a cold season more often. Intensity of epizootic process and a degree of clinical exhibiting of disease depends on a resistance of animals, a virulence of the causal organism and environmental factors.
The environmental factors dropping resistance of an organism (the overheating, a frigorism, long transportation, the dense content, sharp change of a forage, vaccination, etc.) will activate epizootic process and promote more serious disease of animals an acute respiratory virus infection.
The high content of ammonia, a hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and other harmful gases in air of livestock barns invokes an irritation of mucous membrane of wind - pipes and synthesis of anti-bodies that results in weakening aboriginal immunity of these environments inhibits. Therefore diseases meets at the animals keeping on the open areas much less often.
4.2. Features of exhibiting an acute respiratory virus infection at calfs in state farm " Kamensky "
The economy is unsuccessful on an acute respiratory virus infection ñ1994. Disease showed at calfs in the age of 1-1,5 months, the respiratory form of disease was recorded. The mortality was low, on the average 3-5 %. However calfs subsequently lagged behind in growth, at them additional weights, frequently these calfs gibli from other diseases of not contagious etiology were reduced.
The diagnosis put on the establishment of clinical attributes and serologic research of didymous tests of wheys of blood in Regional veterinary laboratory, thus the 4h-fold augmentation of titer of wheyish anti-bodies to the causal organism of a parainfluenza (titers 1:80 in 10 days 1:20, 1 : 160 - in 10 days 1 : 40), to the causal organism of a contagious rhinotracheitis (1:8 - in 10 days 1:2) has been revealed. Also have found anti-bodies to the causal organism of a virus diarrhea, but the augmentation of an antiserum capacity did not descend.
On the establishment of results of serologic research the diagnosis a blended acute respiratory virus infection has been put and the plan of liquidation of disease in state farm according to the reacting Veterinary Legislation which included vaccination of pregnant cows and netelej an alive vaccine *quot is entered; Trivak " against an acute respiratory virus infection and calfs an inactivated vaccine " ?«??«??¬" according to manual.
However, despite of accepted measures, at calfs periodically met breaks of immunity (especially in a cold season), the sick rate was rather low, but the epizooty nevertheless was.
Therefore additional hematological, immunological and serologic researches have been lead with the purpose of an assessment of postvaccinal immunity at mature animals and young plants in Sverdlovsk Scientifically - Research veterinary station. There was, that at animals of the given economy an antiserum capacity, sufficient for an avoidance of disease, is formed at insignificant quantity of animals. Scientific employees SNIVS have suggested to use immunomodulating factors, in particular Mixoferonum, for a stimulation of the immune answer after vaccination.
After application of the given preparation for 1-2 days before vaccination against an acute respiratory virus infection the lead researches (on data SNIVS) have shown rising indirect parameters of activity of immune system (quantity T and In lymphocytes, cytophagous activity of neutrophils has increased, lizotsimnoj to activity of whey), augmentation of vaccinial antiserum capacities, and consequently, degrees of protection of animals from an acute respiratory virus infection.
The further observations over a clinical condition of calfs have shown, that at animals whom before vaccination introduced Mixoferonum, were more resistant both to an acute respiratory virus infection, and against other diseases both contagious, and not contagious nature.
As the additional measure of rising of safety of young plants, also has been offered by employees SNIVS the circuit of application of whey of convalescents, which with a colostrum vypaivajut to neonatal calfs.
Now state farm " Kamensky " it is considered improved from an acute respiratory virus infection of a large horned stock.
4.3. The characteristics of a preparation Mixoferonum and circuits of his application
Mixoferonum represents a mix of proteins of a leukocytic interferon, a homogeneous powder or porous mass of white colour, well soluble in a distilled water. A preparation let out in glass ampulas or the bottles tightly closed by rubber bungs and obkatannyh aluminium kolpachkami on 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 doses in everyone.
Mixoferonum has ability to stimulate immune processes and activity of immunocompetent cells, and also to raise a nonspecific resistance of an organism of animals. The preparation immediately protects cells of an animal organism from influence of a virus.
Mixoferonum apply with the prophylactic and medical purpose at gastro-intestinal and acute respiratory diseases of a virus and bacterial etiology at a large horned stock, pigs, horses, the sheeps and their young plants (a parainfluenza, a contagious rhinotracheitis, a virus diarrhea of a large horned stock, a transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs, rinopnevmonija, a grippe of horses and other diseases).
Mixoferonum introduce intramuscularly or subcutaneously in the form of the sterile solution prepared at the rate of 1 dose in 1 ml that there corresponds 100 thousand. ME cooperative antiviral activity. A preparation solve directly ahead of the use in a distilled water or in 0.9 % a solution of a sodium chloride.
With the prophylactic purpose a preparation appoint twice with an interval at 48 o'clock (in the first days after a birth, while translating to the group content, at transportation or threat of infection) in the following doses: to neonatal calfs on 5 doses, to calfs than 20 days - till 5-10 doses are more senior, than 4 months and adult till 10-20 doses are more senior; to neonatal pigs and lambs on 3-5 doses, at a wean on 5 doses. To cows, mares, sows and ewes - before stems twice till 10-20 doses with an interval of 48 hours, thus last injection of a preparation should be introduced as it is possible closer to stems. In case of a delay of stems a preparation introduce repeatedly in 48 hours after last injection.
For intensifying action of vaccines and wheys Mixoferonum to be introduced in a prophylactic dose, no more, than for a day before application of biological preparations. With the medical purpose apply daily on two times day, with an interval of 12 hours before clinical convalescence in doses, in 1,5-2 times exceeding prophylactic.
Application with anyone the Preparation in recommended doses is supposed by joint a chemotherapeutic means does not invoke complications and does not render a side effect; contraindications for application of a preparation are not present.
5. CALCULATION OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF APPLICATION OF THE PREPARATION " MIXOFERONUM " FOR RISING EFFECT OF THE VACCINAL PREVENTION AN ACUTE RESPIRATORY VIRUS INFECTION OF CALFS.
For rising efficacyy of a vaccinal prevention in state farm " ??????¬?®" Mixoferonum introduce twice 1-2 days prior to vaccination and revaccinations in 20 days an inactivated vaccine " ?«??«??¬" to calfs 1 month (see. The appendix) on 10 doses on a calf. After application of Mixoferonum of calfs observed 60 days.
Cost of one bottle of Mixoferonum (50 doses) compounds 8 roubles.
Thus, cost of a preparation on 1 course for 1 calf compounds 3,2 roubles
Calculation of economic injury:
The economic injury at a noneffective vaccinoprophylaxis (breaks of immunity) develops of a culling of sick calfs, downstroke of additional weights at had been ill. During observation there was no case of an epizooty and a culling of calfs which before vaccination did not introduce Mixoferonum, however, in the given group (30 heads) 3 calfs to which have diagnosed an acute respiratory virus infection were ill. To calfs introduced polyvalent whey, an antibiotic " ???«¬???" and Tetravitum. Expenses for treatment 2õ calfs have made 50,4 roubles (enroksil applied 5 days, Tetravitum twice).
1. Economic injury from downstroke of efficiency (average daily gain):
Ó2=Ì3 * (Â1-Â2) *Ò*Ö, where
Ì3 - quantity of calfs, heads (3 calfs with downstroke of additional weights)
Â1-an average daily gain at calfs with application of Mixoferonum,
Â2 - an average daily gain at control group,
T - duration of observation (30 days).
Ó2=3 * (0,250-0,119 *30*30=353,7 roubles
The economic injury from short-reception of production has made: in trial group: Ó=0 roubles, in control group: At=353,7 roubles,
2. Calculation of material and labour expenses at prophylactic introduction of Mixoferonum:
A payment of a veterinary at a rate of a preparation (twice - on 5 mines on one calf):
Working costs of 1 hour of a veterinary 11,3 roubles,
Hence, the payment of the doctor has made: 11,3*0,1*30=33,9 roubles for all course of prophylactic processings of group of calfs from 30 heads.
Material inputs: cost of a course for 1 calf compounds 3,2 roubles, for group of 30 calfs of 96 roubles.
Material and labour expenses at application of Mixoferonum have made 33,9+96=129,9 roubles
3. Calculation of material and labour expenses at treatment of sick calfs
A payment of a veterinary at treatment (to each animal of 1 times introduced whey, did 10 introductions of an antibiotic and 2 introductions of vitamin for 5 minutes). Therefore labour expenses for treatment 3õ sick calfs 11,3*0,78*3=22,44 roubles
Material inputs: cost of a course for 1 calf compounds 50,4 roubles, for 3õ calfs 151,2 roubles
Material and labour expenses at treatment of three calfs 173,6 roubles
4. The general actual economic injury in group of calfs which did not introduce Mixoferonum: in this case it is possible to count, that expenses for treatment of sick calfs, material and labour, enter into the sum of injury owing to insufficient efficacyy of vaccination Uobshch=353,7+173,6=527,3 roubles
Calculation of economic efficiency of a preparation " ??¬?«???«?":
5. Calculation of the injury prevented by rising of efficacyy of a vaccinal prevention at calfs by a preparation " ??¬?«???«?":
Ïó=Ó (control group) - At (trial group),
Pu=527,3 - 0=527,3 roubles
6. Calculation of economic benefit received in result rising of efficacyy of a vaccinal prevention an acute respiratory virus infection at calfs:
Ýâ=Ïó+Äñ+Ýç-Çâ, where
Ds - the cost received in addition for the account augmentation of an average daily gain, Äñ=Ìç * (Âï1-Âï2) *Ö*Ò
Äñ=30 * (0,250-0,119) *30*30=3537 roubles
Ez - economy labour and material inputs as a result of application of more effective means,
Zv - expenses for carrying out of additional prophylaxis.
Ev=527,3+3537 - 129,9=3934,4 roubles
7. Definition of economic efficiency of a preparation " ??¬?«???«?" counting upon 1 rouble of expenses:
Ýð=Ýâ/Çâ, Ýð=3934,4/129,9=30,28 roubles
6. DISCUSSION OF THE RECEIVED RESULTS.
The lead economic calculations have shown, that application of a preparation " ??¬?«???«?" as the additional means influencing on formation of the specific answer after vaccination, reduces a sick rate of calfs an acute respiratory virus infection, allowing to receive able-bodied calfs with high additional weights, raises a resistance of calfs. In comparison with other immunomodulating factors, such, as mielopid, an interferon, the given preparation cheap, accessible and idle time in application. It is no wonder, that it has been offered for rising efficacyy of specific prophylaxis by experts Sverdlovsk Scientifically - to Research veterinary station.
7. BREEDINGS AND OFFERS.
- Owing to a complex ecological situation in Kamensk area at animals failure of immune system that is expressed in the inadequate immune answer after vaccination, and, hence, downstroke of efficacyy of specific prophylaxis of communicable diseases is observed.
- Application immunokorrigirujushchej therapies at prophylaxis of infections allows to lower a sick rate of calfs an acute respiratory virus infection as warns " breaks ??????????".
- At application of a preparation " ??¬?«???«?", concerning group of immunomodulating factors, before vaccination of calfs against an acute respiratory virus infection in state farm " ??????¬?®" economic benefit 3934,4 (30,28 roubles on 1 rouble of expenses) has been received. Advantage of a preparation is his cheapness (3,2 roubles on one calf at two prophylactic processings) at high efficacyy.
It is necessary to take into account, that application of any immunomodulating factor assumes the constant control over a condition of immune system, especially if the question is prophylaxis of contagions. Therefore, though the received results allow us to estimate highly the given preparation, and it is possible to offer veterinary experts of state farm " ??????¬?®" constantly to use it for rising effect of vaccinations, it is necessary to carry out also an assessment of intensity of immunity on titers of vaccinial anti-bodies. It is necessary to pay also attention building of hyperimmunity at mothers to receive resistant against an acute respiratory virus infection young plants.
8. THE LITERATURE.
- the Veterinary Legislation. T. 2. Under A.D.Tretjakova's general edition. Moscow, " Kolos ", 1972
- I.M.assessment's Sweetclover of the immunological status of a large horned stock from areas of ecological well-being. // Environmental problems of a pathology, pharmacology and therapy of animals: Materials of the international coordination meeting. - Voronezh, VNIVIPFiT, 1997ã.
- Ginzburg A.G.organization and planning of a veterinary affair. Moscow, 1985 year
- Malkov S.V.immune the answer at a large horned stock in ecologically unsuccessful terrains of Ural // problems of adaptation of agricultural animals. Materials of the scientific - practical conference devoted to the 65-anniversary Irkutsk NIVS. - Novosibirsk, 1997ã.
- Nikitin I.I., Voskobojnik V.F., Vasilevskij N.M., etc. The Organization and economy of a veterinary affair. A practical work. Moscow, 1998 year
- the Organization and economy of a veterinary affair. Under edition Tretjakov A.D. Moscow, 1987 year,
- Petrenko V.I.methodical of the indicating on performance of course work on " the Organizations and economy veterinary ????". Ekaterinburg, 1996ã.
- CHukanov V.N.east a radioactive trace (Sverdlovsk range). Ekaterinburg, Uro the Russian Academy of Science, 1996.
- the Epizootology and communicable diseases of agricultural animals. Under edition of professor A.A.Konopatkina. Moscow, " Kolos ", 1984 year
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