Keywords: Stalin, a stalinism, personality cult, a history, Lenin, Stalin's life, Stalin, Dzhugashvili personality cult, reprisals, political processes, revolution, Stalin as Supreme commander in chief, the abstract on a history, course work, Stalin during warSTALIN AND THE STALINISMINITIATINGAll less often on pages of newspapers, screens of TVs we meet with materials about I.V.Stalin, a stalinism, conditions generated this phenomenon and consequently, probably, we count, that now it cannot be and such people do not exist. At the same time our time is characterized by essential reorganizations not only social relations in Russia, but also reorientation of requirements, spiritual transformation of people attending with reassessment of ideals and revisions of sights at a role of the personality in a history of the state. Looking through I.V.Stalin's works, it is difficult to be kept from admiration of his capability to work, messages behind itself, to consolidate people in achievement of the purpose and at the same time, it is impossible without shudder and to pity to read lines about perpetual cleanings in a batch, destruction dissident, erection in a rank of "God" of the person who has risen on the supreme step of authority. Reading lines about Stalin's ascetic way of life, about his unpretentiousness, seeing his portraits in rather modest clothes, without bulks of awards, voznikaju tmysli about unselfishness of this person who has put all life on service to the person. But, when you think that this life has resulted in an eradication of liberty of speech in Russia, to practice of general suspiciousness and fear, to interment of the country from all external world, the impression about nepoznannosti in all variety of the phenomenon under the title "stalinism", about not full understanding of roads and possibilities to shun repetition of such awful phenomenon is created. On a boundary of 2 millenia and new century, it would be desirable as it is possible to understand more full sources, development, domestic essence of apogee of a stalinism, the factors promoting his maintaining, to understand subjective and objective factors of this phenomenon, and also even will superficially familiarize with such concept as "personality cult", that till now as it seems to us, exists in some east countries. The present work is devoted to these and some other questions. 1 Part. MAKING UP of REVOLUTIONARY SIGHTS of STALIN1.1. The childhood and Stalin's youthThe basic features of the personality of the person are made up in the childhood and a youth. As marks A.Ulam in the book about Stalin, poverty and Stalin's severe childhood have left an indelible trace on all his lives and have undoubtedly played a determined role in becoming his character. Stalin (Dzhugashvili present surname) was born on December, 9 (on a Gregorian calendar on December, 21) 1879 in a small Georgian small town Burn. His father Vissarion Ivanovich Dzhugashvili, on a nationality the osset, worked as the shoemaker, was the uneducated person and could not promote an all-around development of the child. He has died, when Joseph was the adolescent. Mother Stalin - Ekaterina Georgievna Geladze, as well as his father, was born in family of serfs. Similarly to the husband it was illiterate and did not know Russian. Already in the childhood the obstinacy and aspiration to the superiority over coevals was inherent in Stalin. He did not differ the big capabilities, but was persistent and read much. Being small growth and physically weak, Soso (so it tenderly named in the childhood) early became spiteful and vindictive and all life disliked high and physically strong people. The aspiration to glory has early seized mind and Stalin's feelings, but he was poor and understood what achieve something serious in imperial Russia he cannot. The big impression on young Dzhugashvili books and destiny of Georgian writer A.Kazbegi - have effected one of the richest landowners of Georgia who has freed the peasants from taxes, has refused riches, has left in mountains and lived there as the simple shepherd. Novel Kazbegi "Patricide" about struggle of peasants gortsev for the independence and freedom especially liked Joseph. One of heroes of product - fearless Koba became an idol for young Stalin. He even began to name itself(himself) Koba, subsequently this name became Dzhugashvili first party nickname. Parents on miscellaneous imagined destiny of the son. Mother in 1888 has given Joseph to local spiritual school, despite of protests of the father which wanted that Soso also became the shoemaker. Training was led in Russian and Stalin has learned to write well in Russian, but freely speak in this language he could not up to the end of life. In June, 1894 Dzhugashvili have noted been as the best pupil. The teacher advised his mother to continue training the capable boy. The young Joseph Vissarionovich who has not reached also 15-years age, in 1894 has been enlisted in Tiflisskuju a theological seminary and till May, 1899 this most significant educational institution of Georgia rendered deciding influence on his spiritual developing. In spiritual school and it is especial in seminary conditions of obstructionism, the daily petty surveillance and mutual informations against reigned. Stalin recognized, that at his then instructors were both a system, and persistence in work for accomplishment of the bad purposes, but their basic method is a shadowing, espionage, searches, mockery. First one and a half ten years of becoming of Stalin, past in seminar keljah and cells, should affect finally, intelligence, feelings and will of the professional revolutionary. In thinking, in particular, it was showed in a number of features. One of them - any knowledge to systematize and classify, display aspiration on intellectual "half-glasses". And it characterizes, if it is possible so to say " katehizisnoe thinking ". As a rule, such thinking creates at encircling impression that is the person of the "organized", consecutive mind. Other feature of Stalin thinking is connected to absence of the serious critical relation to own ideas and acts. Dzhugashvili all life trusted in postulates - all over again Christian, and then marxist. Everything, that was not entered in the concepts acquired by him and circuits, Soso considered heretical, and then opportunist and struggled with them all possible ways. 1.2. The beginning of revolutionary activityIn May, 1899 Stalin is excluded from seminary for reading of the forbidden literature and creation social-democratic a mug. In 1900 Stalin has got acquainted with 32-years professional revolutionar V.Kurnatovskim who shortly before arrival in Tiflis met in the reference with the Lenin. Acquaintance with Kurnatovskim, reading of works of Lenin, and also the newspaper "Spark" which has appeared in Transcaucasia in 1901, have made young Stalin the supporter V.I.Lenin. In 1901 Stalin who has taken already to a party nickname Koba, participates in many strikes and demonstrations. An example can be on March, 9, 1902 when large demonstration which many participants appeared has taken place are killed. Koba as a token of the protest against punishment of demonstrators has composed the leaflet where invoked workers for new protest actions. This work has resulted to that on April, 5, 1902 Stalin has been arrested and sent on a stage in the reference to Eastern Siberia, whence it managed to run in January, 1904 and again to engage in revolutionary activity. At II congress RSDRP there was a split of Social Democrats on bolsheviks and menshevikov. Come back in Tiflis Koba firstly has held waiting game in struggle of fractions, but from the end of 1904 he already acted on the side of bolsheviks. In the beginning of 1905 in the Georgian newspaper " Struggle of proletariat " has been published by him clause " the Class of proletarians and a batch of proletarians ". This clause was precise expression of a position in discussion between bolsheviks and menshevikami. The author supported bolshevik current, completely opening positions of bolsheviks, asserting their principles of the organization of a batch. Stalin marked, that if " the unity of sights falls - the batch " falls also, that " our batch is not a tie-up of singles - talkers, and the organization of heads ", that " the local party organizations constitute one big centralized organization ". Hence, already at this time he has signs of firm character. In the autumn of 1904 Koba again appears in Batumi where meets with menshevikom Arsenidze which marked full absence of human motives of the revolutionary at Stalin. From here, probably, his relation to people as to things, and to things he approached exclusively on the basis of net expediency also followed. He expressed roughly, and in his speech force and persistence were felt. But all the same, why Joseph Dzhugashvili became the revolutionary? Can be, because has early joined particles of intellectual food in Gorijskom spiritual school and in Tiflisskoj seminaries? Who knows, do not fall into of it tomiki Russo, Nitsshe, Lock, the seminarist would reflect above why his father - shoemaker patchs boots only for poor men? Or the dissatisfaction with theological solitary life has resulted it in people with rebellious character? And can be, it the come into the hands read thin brochure " Elements of marxism " has forced to open more widely eyes on the world? Anybody for the present has not answered it authentically. 1.3. From 1905 by 1917Revolution of 1905 has opened many sides of a Stalin nature, and he took part in many its important events though preferred to act routinely not in the foreground. Stalin posesses a dubious honour to be not only the participant, but also the organizer of large acts of terrorism - expropriations. Objects of expropriations, or "eksov" as them named, banks, mail vans, steamships were. These terroristic acts served strengthening of a material resources of a batch, increase in its money resources. At the same time, the resolution of congress gave the recommendation on conducting of raids only on warehouses of the weapon. Lenin, recognizing that approach of revolution will keep, objected negative on the spirit of this decision, but contrary to the resolution of congress in the summer of such 1906 of the share kept. Especially big popularity was received with armed despoilment Tiflisskogo of treasury which has given in cash department of bolsheviks more than 300 thousand roubles. The organization similar work "eksov" demanded from Stalin not only composure, ruse and cruelty, but also connections with the criminal world of Georgia. Many "eksy" were accompanied by assassinations, but it were assassinations " in interests of an affair ". Whether bases of the future decisions on a mass destruction of people for the sake of "idea" here were mortgaged? Stalin gets over in Baku where on October, 25 at townspeople's bolshevik conference of it elect a member of Baku committee RSDRP. Participation in "eksah" has made his stay in Tiflise unsafe, besides over Georgia in social-democratic traffic have prevailed mensheviki which by then were decisive opponents of terror. Almost half-year Stalin took part in the organization of the performances of working class of the Baku which have turned on attention of V.I.Lenin largest on those times. On March, 25, 1908 Stalin has been arrested and on November, 9 to it the verdict has been declared dispatch in the reference. A place of stay of exiled Koba became the city of Solvychegodsk, whence he ran in June. In 1910 in Stalin's personal privacy there is a tragical event - his wife Ekaterina (Kato) Svanidze to whom they have secretly got married in the summer of 1906 has died. Home life was short. The ruthless typhus has taken away a unique essence which, probably, he really liked from Stalin. In a photo, embodying funeral, Stalin, with kopnoj not combed hair, low and thin, costs at a headboard of a coffin. Even after that he has not drooped and kept the activity whereas his son Jacob who has been born in 1908, has remained on custody of parents of mother. In the beginning of September, 1911 Stalin has clandestinely left for Petersburg to establish connections with the local party organization, and on September, 9, after a meeting with S.J.Alliluevym he again gets under the guard and in December is sent to Vologda for 3 years. All this testifies that his unrestrained eagerness to achievement of the purpose, reconciles even in self-sacrifice and, probably, in the future will be one of the reasons of mercilessness to the comrades on a batch. VI (Prague) All-Russia conference RSDRP has taken place in January, 1912. Turn is connected to this party forum in the decision of an organizational question: definitively also it was irrevocably issued and there was independent bolshevik Central Committee RSDRP. It has brought Kobe the first significant party post of the All-Russia value and has hardened his opinion on infallibility of the character. Having committed the escape from the reference, Stalin in March, 1912 is found all over again in the south, then in Moscow, and on April, 10 arrives to capital of imperial Russia. Here he has conducted only 12 days on freedom, actively participating in the issuing and editing of the clandestine bolshevik newspaper "Star". On April, 22 Dzhugashvili have been arrested and in the beginning of July is banished in edge Narymsky, whence ran, later one and a half month, to Petersburg. Here he was connected to campaign on elections to IV State Duma though supported their boycott earlier, and all the autumn long Koba is occupied with organizational - press activity in this connection event. At the end of 1912 in Stalin's life there is an important event - personal acquaintance to the Lenin. Koba then accepting active participation in the organization and editing of the first legal bolshevik newspaper "Truth", left to Krakow to Lenin on counsels of a Central Committee with party workers. Here, in Poland Stalin has written the work " Marxism and an ethnic question " which has been positively assessed the Lenin. Stalin has effected then on Lenin the most good impression. In one of letters to Bitter Lenin wrote: " At us one wonderful Georgian zasel also writes for "Education" the big clause, having collected all Austrian and so forth materials ". On February, 23 in Petersburg Stalin has been arrested under the information against of provocateur Malinovsky and banished in July, 1913 to Siberia, in far edge Turuhansky. This four-year-old reference appeared the longest his enforced separation from political activity. From the reference of it February revolution has freed only. Stalin all these four years was passive, anything practically did not write, at all has not proved as a member of the Central Committee of a batch. These years Stalin as if something waited for references when in the society invisible streamlets of social density when the grievance of people imperialist war grew were gradually multiplied. Can be, to it, to already lived person, there has come disappointment futility of two decades of revolutionary activity? Or Stalin had a presentiment, what it soon should enter absolutely other stage of life and struggle? And, maybe, he has ceased to trust in a possibility to overturn autocracy? On these questions and now it is difficult to find the answer. About this period of the life Stalin wrote nothing and told it is not enough. 1.4. Stalin in 1917The beginning of 1917 has found Stalin in Krasnoyarsk. Invoked together with group of exiled in army, Stalin adjudicated by a medical board unusable to service because of weakness of the left hand. The reference came to an end, and it was offered to it to conduct the stock balance of it in Krasnoyarsk. He has established connection with some Krasnoyarsk bolsheviks, but the bulk of evenings conducted at L.B.Kamenev also banished to Siberia. Revolution was for the majority of people and for politicians full unexpectedness though it was waited by many. One of the first results of February revolution full and fast great collapse of all system of tsarism was. Gendarmes removed the form and a gate of prisons were hidden, opened, imperial penal servitude, the reference has ceased to function. Not only political prisoners, but also overwhelming majority of the persons convicted of various felonies, have received freedom. On March, 3, 1917 Advice and in Krasnoyarsk has been created. He has immediately taken authority in the hands and has decided to arrest representatives of imperial authority. The special train for dispatch of exiled to Moscow and Petrograd segregated. Stalin together with L.B.Kamenevym and M.K.Muranovym has immediately left in capital. It is natural, that with coming exiled of bolsheviks from Siberia there was a question on their including in a composition of the new party centers. Business has not done without difficulties and treny. So, for example, on March, 12, 1917, in day of coming in Petrograd Stalin, Muranova and Kamenev, session of the Bureau of a Central Committee has taken place. Muranov has been invited unanimously. Concerning Stalin it has been reported, that he has consisten the agent of a Central Committee in 1912 and consequently would be desirable in a composition of the Bureau of a Central Committee, but in view of some personal features inherent in it, BTSK has expressed inviting it with the deliberative vote. Details of collision between members of the Bureau of a Central Committee and Stalin, occurred after session on March, 12, are unknown. But, nevertheless, next day Stalin has been entered into a composition of the Bureau of a Central Committee, in fact he was not simply " the agent of a Central Committee ", but the only thing from taking place in Petrograd a member of a Central Committee, elite at the Prague conference. On March, 13 edition of "Truth", in M.S.Olminskogo, I.V.Stalin, K.S.Yeremeyev, M.I.Kalinina and M.I.Uljanovoj's composition has been affirmed. However Stalin has actually captured the management of the newspaper in the hands. Already on March, 15 in 9-th number of "Truth" it has been declared, that into a composition of edition enter Stalin, Kamenev and Muranov. About other members of edition affirmed by the Bureau of a Central Committee, it was not mentioned at all. In it it is possible to see Stalin's aspiration to monocracy, an eminence above the comrades, let alone simple people. The administering role in development of a new line of "Truth" was played by Kamenev and Stalin completely maintained it and as the actual editor of the newspaper, and as the author of some clauses. Their line followed from old slogans of a batch of times of revolution of 1905-1907 when the question on stages of revolution has not been connected to a question on war and on actual dual power which has developed in Russia in the spring of 1917. Kamenev and Stalin have not understood those new possibilities which have opened now before working class and bolsheviks. Lenin has understood it in the beginning only, but even it hardly managed to convince of the rightness of party members. Even after Lenin's arrival when in "Truth" his well-known April theses have been published, Kamenev, at Stalin's support has printed next day clause with sharp criticism of these theses. Only by the end of April after hot polemic Lenin managed to turn both a line of a Central Committee, and a line of "Truth", having convinced the majority of a Central Committee in the rightness. Stalin has there and then joined Lenin, and Kamenev on many questions of developing of revolution has remained in opposition. Hence, not so his character is firm in some cases, and can be in this case his thrift is shown. Later Stalin not time has been constrained to recognize an inaccuracy of the March position. " It was deeply erroneous position, - he in one of speeches, - for it plodila spoke pacifist illusions, poured water on a mill oboronchestva and complicated revolutionary education of bulks. I divided this erroneous position then with other comrades on a batch ". The spring and summer of 1917 were in Russia time of perpetual meetings. All batches, and a batch of bolsheviks in particular, struggled for influence on broad masses. For bolsheviks it was important not only to develop reflecting moods of bulks political slogans, but also to direct on the enterprises and to military units of skilful propagandists, orators, propagandists. Stalin badly approached for such roles. Till October, 1917 he exacted a promise from March on public meetings only three times. Meanwhile, not having oratorical capabilities, Stalin, certainly, had uncommon organizing talent. Number of a bolshevik batch grew from month to month with steady speed, and Stalin together with J.M.Sverdlovym reconciled party numbers in the battle order. Stalin and Sverdlov have performed a body of work on preparation and conducting of VI congress of bolsheviks. Stalin has made at this congress the political report on behalf of a Central Committee though and in this case it is necessary to specify inadequate clearness of a position of Stalin concerning Lenin's appearance on court of the Providing government. At VI congress more numerous and representative composition of a Central Committee has been elected. For the first time in a composition of a bolshevik Central Committee Trotsky has been elected. In Lenin and Zinoviev's absence Stalin's role in the management of the party organizations has increased. These months he was actually the head of the central newspaper of a batch which left under different titles. Not always Lenin's administering a batch from a underground opinion, and Stalin coincided. In this case Stalin subjected to any editing of clause of Lenin that called Vladimir Iljicha's indignation. Stalin participated in deciding sessions of a Central Committee on October, 10 (23) and 16 (29) on which under Lenin's reports the decision on armed revolt was accepted. Against this decision voted only Kamenev and Zinoviev which in infringement of all standards of conspiracy have acted with the objections in not bolshevik newspaper " New life ". As is known, Lenin has demanded their exception of a batch. The unique member of a Central Committee objecting to Lenin in this occasion, Stalin was. It testifies to inconsistency of his opinions and, probably, about desire to be allocated among others, even on the contravention to Lenin's opinion. What Stalin 24-26 îêòÿáðÿ1917 year, that is in deciding days and hours of October armed revolt in Petrograd did? He has been held at this time mainly by the issuing of the newspaper " the Working road ". Stalin did not administer directly over actions krasnogvardejtsev, sailors and the soldier in streets of Petrograd. In the known book of American communist John Rida " 10 days which have shaken the world " his name are not mentioned among heads of revolt and it induces on determined ideas concerning a possibility of his thrift and skill to wait during the most responsible periods of a history. As a result of victory of armed revolt in Petrograd the authority in the country has passed to Advice, and the Providing government has been decrowned. It the received title has replaced elected II congress of Advice " Time working and country government ", Advice of National Commissioners. Chairman of the first Soviet government became V.I.Lenin, and in his composition as national commissioners, have come 14 bolsheviks. Among them I.V.Stalin to whom have charged to head the National commissariat formed for the first time on affairs of nationalities was also. On November, 1, 1917 Stalin together with the Lenin has signed the Manifest of the rights of peoples of Russia. In it main principles of the Soviet national policy have been professed: a cancellation of all national limitations and privileges, equality of all peoples, the right on self-determination down to branch and formations of the independent states. 2 Part. STALIN'S EMINENCE IN the BATCH2.1. Stalin during civil warOn May, 29, 1918 Advice of National Commissioners has appointed Stalin the head of a food affair in the south of Russia, having vested his extraordinary powers, and on June, 6 he has come in Tsaritsyn where there was an army headquarters of North Caucasian military district. Stalin has done in Tsaritsyn the big work on putting in order in rear and at the front and on a food supply of industrial centres of Russia. However the basic remedy for prompting this "order" Stalin already then has elected a despotic road. He wrote to Lenin: " I Drive and I abuse everyone whom it is necessary, I hope soon we restore the provision. Can be sure, that we shall not spare anybody, neither, nor others, and bread nevertheless we shall give ". And Stalin really did not give quarter anybody. He did not stop not only shooting tens valid enemies of the Soviet authority, but also before destruction of all those who was only suspected in connection with counter-revolution. Stalin wanted to subordinate authority a local party apparatus and military heads, and it was possible to it: on July, 19 the Military council of North Caucasian military district where he has been assigned as chairman has been formed. He initiated the sharpest conflict to military experts, that is the professional imperial officers serving in Red Army, and with special hostility Stalin has considered the military head of North Caucasian military district A.E.Snesarevu. Stalin has declared the defense plans of city prepared by him harmful, having convicted Snesareva in sabotage and unwillingness to combat counter-revolution. Under Stalin's insisting the new defense plan of Tsaritsyn which appeared erroneous and resulted in the beginning of August to failure of which Stalin has convicted Snesareva has been developed. In September, 1918 of a part of North Caucasian military district have been incorporated with a troops of Southern front. In the spring of 1919 Stalin has held the important administering posts: became a member of the first composition of the Political bureau and Orgbjuro Central Committee RKP (á), and also has been assigned narkomom the State surveillance. During this period bases of the organizational authority, after collected the big force also have been pledged. After three months of work in Moscow Stalin has been again directed on one of the most dangerous sites of front. Having received authorities from a Central Committee and Advice of the workers'-and-peasants' defence, in the middle of May he has come in Petrograd where his commitment was the organization of the defence of former capital and recalcitrance to approach of troops JUdenicha. Spring approach of White Guard general Judenicha without reinforcements and reliable rear has failed. Military conditions for short time was stabilized. During second, autumn approach JUdenicha when Lenin itself stated an idea on a possibility of leaving of Petrograd, Stalin any more was not in city. Though he also has played a determined role in reflection of spring approach JUdenicha, all subsequent reasonings that Stalin has heroically defended Petrograd, had no under itself good causes. Years of civil war have substantially influenced his personality. In the society which has got militarized character and lived under laws of " military communism ", universal distribution was received with a military way of thinking and command style, voluntarism. The general practice became the decision of questions in the administrative way, the aspiration to centralization of authority was distinctly shown. All this corresponded Stalin's to style of work, gave possibilities for developing congenital features of his personality. Features of character, sights at political practice promoted Stalin's transformation into the head which expressed " spirit of an epoch ", one of its major characteristic fig. 2.2. Last months Lenin's lives. " The letter to congress "There is a valid question why to Stalin so cases of the arbitratiness easily escaped punishment, roughnesses, impudences in 1917-1920. First, Stalin was these years enough a strong figure in party leadership, and he is skilful to stand for itself(himself). Second, Stalin had support on the part of V.I.Lenin who quite often took it under the protection. Lenin appreciated that Stalin stood on his side in struggle of political groups. Besides Lenin in Stalin liked character: hardness, self-control, persistence, capability "to press", partly and ruse as necessary quality in struggle. In 1918-1921. Lenin has been so disposed to Stalin, that personally cared of finding to it in the Kremlin a quiet flat. However after 1921 Lenin's relation to Stalin has changed. XI congress RKP (á) has not reduced Stalin's authorities which has been again elected in a Central Committee of a batch, and on the full commission of a Central Committee on April, 3, 1922 has been elected already in the Political bureau and Orgbjuro a Central Committee. On the full commission has been decided to affirm the new position - the secretary general of a Central Committee and to appoint to it Stalin. Later Stalin wrote, that has been elected the secretary general of a Central Committee under Lenin's tender though Trotsky affirmed, that Lenin was more likely against Stalin's raising objection. In 1922, during Lenin's illness which in increasing frequency tore off it from management of the country and a batch, Stalin has turned to a key figure of a party apparatus. At this time at Lenin relations with Trotsky and Kamenevym which became his first deputy on Sovnarkomu have started to be adjusted. About Stalin Lenin responded more and more negatively: was dissatisfied Stalin's with attempt to weaken the foreign trade monopoly, sharply criticized it in an ethnic question. When Lenin was ill, Stalin aspired to create such conditions in which Lenin would be cut practically off from the information, is insulated from life of a batch and work necessary for him. Stalin so zealously attempted to realize the surveillance, what even started to distribute it to Lenin's relations from it suprugoj N.K.Krupskoj. In December, 1922 he has offended by the roughest image Krupskuju. Lenin has learned about this incident only in the first days of March, 1923 and has raised the question about break of relations with Stalin if he immediately will not apologize before Krupskoj. Stalin has immediately made to it the apologies and has taken the words back. He did not want to deface definitively the relation with the Lenin. On December, 23-26, 1922 Lenin dictates (to write he could not any more) well-known " the Letter to congress ", becoming his political "last will" of a batch. It should be read only after his death. In "Letter" Lenin has touched work of a Central Committee and has given the characteristic to his some members. Some self-controls. " First of all I stake increase in number of members of a Central Committee up to several tens or even up to hundred..., such thing is necessary for a raising of authority of a Central Committee, and for serious work on improvement of work of our device... " " Comrade Stalin, having become the secretary general, has concentrated immense authority in the hands, and I am not sure, whether he will manage always cautiously enough to use this authority... " " Comrade Trotsky..., perhaps, the most capable person in a present Central Committee, but also excessively bragging by self-confidence and excessive hobby for only administrative side of an affair. These two qualities of two issued leaders of a modern Central Committee are capable nenarokom to result in split, and if our batch will not accept measures to to prevent split can come unexpectedly... " On January, 4, 1923 Lenin dictates fatal importance " Supplement to the letter from December, 24, 1922 ". " Stalin is too rough, and this oversight quite tolerant in the environment and in obshchenijah between us, communists, becomes intolerant in the position of the secretary general. Therefore I suggest comrades to consider the way of removal of Stalin from this place and to appoint to this place of other person... " Significant determining. Full definiteness that Stalin needs to be displaced from a post of the secretary general on other place. To Stalin while there are no large political claims. But with policy always the hand about a hand goes moral. If here there is no harmony will be born either political mongering, or distatorship. In lenin supplement - deep concern in the future, but is not present personal hostility. Lenin's perspicacious idea has seen in moral defects of Stalin character something such, that in the future can be poured out in a source of many troubles... Lenin demanded from the secretaries everything, that he dictates to keep in a special place and under special the responsibility and to consider completely confidential. But Fotieva, working managing Secretariat SNK and also writing down Lenin's dictatings, has informed soon Stalin and some other members of the Political bureau on December records... Therefore " the Letter to congress " for party leadership was not already unexpected... On January, 21, 1924 at 18 o'clock 50 minutes of Vladimir Iljicha Lenina did not begin. " The Letter to congress " Krupskaja, according to Vladimir Iljicha's will, has transferred in a Central Committee of a batch on May, 18, 1924, 5 days prior to XIII congress RKP (á). After perusal " Letters... " At congress Stalin has in a pointed manner stated the demission from a post of the secretary general of a Central Committee. But Zinoviev, Kamenev, and then and the majority of other members of a Central Committee have convinced to take his demission back. In Stalin's struggle against Trotsky, Joseph Vissarionovicha maintained the majority of comrades on a batch. Many, probably, argued so: to clean Stalin is means to recognize Trotsky's rightness... Under Stalin's initiative Lenin's Mausoleum has been created, the body of the leader was mumifitsirovano though Krupskaja was against. However the majority of members of the Political bureau have supported his idea. During Lenin Stalin's funeral already acted in a role of the successor of the leader. Creating Lenin, Stalin's cult prepared own... 2.3. Stalin's struggle against oppositionAs well as Lenin expected, seriously apply for a role of the new leader of a batch three persons could only: Stalin, Trotsky and Zinoviev supported Kamenevym. Split inside a batch seem inevitable in the autumn of 1923 in connection with appearance of the "left" opposition which did not accept the Stalin management of a batch and in which chapter there was L.D.Trotsky. Trotsky's claims on leadership in a batch have been caused by his merits in conducting October armed revolt, in the management of Red army within civil war and on it, apparently, popularity obvious to all. But in the Political bureau Trotsky was lonely and on deciding posts in a batch he had not too many supporters, that very much weakened his positions and did impossible transition to a role of the main leader of a batch. Within 1924 "triumvirate": Zinoviev, Kamenev, Stalin has definitively discharged Trotsky of authority. During these "chipping" Stalin has even more consolidated the positions in the device, first of all due to that understood organizational questions more professionally, than other members of the administrative board. It is interesting to track, as Stalin was freed from opposition. Having analysed Trotsky, Stalin's all valid tactical and theoretical mistakes has come to conclusion, that all activity of this opponent is directed against the old historical Bolshevism. Trotsky, as is known, has joined a batch of bolsheviks only in the summer of 1917. Stalin has forced Trotsky to return to discussions of the pre-revolutionary period. In this sphere he has proved the advantage. The organized attacks on Trotsky during which references to his not bolshevik past were frequently done, directed, naturally, not only on his historical evil intension, but also on those political remedies which were used by Trotsky and against which he once acted. As a result of numerous discussions in 1924 Trotsky has sustained defeat. At once after XIII congress Stalin started to push aside Zinoviev and Kamenev from the leading provision in "three". In the report " About results of XIII congress RKP (á) " Stalin has convicted Kamenev in it " routine carelessness about questions of the theory, about exact theoretical determinings ". As an occasion the void typing error has served in "Truth". When after Lenin's death there was a question on chairman SNK, Stalin has supported candidature Rykova though the deputy Kamenev was. But Stalin considered, that non-russian cannot become great Lenin's successor. In the autumn of 1924 Stalin has weakened Zinoviev - Kamenev's block, having appointed their colleague Zelensky the secretary of the Central Asian bureau of Central Committee RKP (á). Soon Zinoviev and Kamenev have joined opposition and have developed in the spring of 1926 together with Trotsky the general platform, having opposed its majority of a batch. The new block has acted as a united front on the Full commission of a Central Committee on April, 6-9. He demanded an adoption of a program of the forced industrialization of the country. Leaders of the block have acted in similar spirit and on the July full commission of a Central Committee. These demands outagely carrying theoretical character, party leadership has answered with administrative actions: Zinoviev is inferred from a composition of the Political bureau. In the autumn oppositionists have made attempt to take under the surveillance separate initial Communist Party organizations of a batch. However the October full commission of a Central Committee has brought him new defeat. Kamenev has been excluded from candidates in members of the Political bureau, Zinoviev is ejected from the management of Komintern, and Trotsky is inferred from a composition of the Political bureau. The opposition has incurred definitive defeat in December, 1927 at XV congress VKP (á). In 1929 Stalin was saved and of new colleagues: Buharin - chairman of Komintern, Rykova - chairman SNK, Tomsk - the leader of trade unions. Thus, Stalin has switched off from a political struggle of all those who, in his opinion, could challenge from him leadership in the country. Stalin's victory above oppositions was not victory of leninism. It was victory of the STALINISM which for a long time has affirmed the domination above the country and a batch. Soviet Union should pass in the most difficult and bloody decades in the history. 2.4. Pluss and minuses of collectivization and industrializationAt the end of 1927 at XV congress VKP (á) the commitment of consolidating of fine country facilities in large collectives, with the purpose to carry out socialist conversions to village has been delivered, to provide continuous procurement of cities by agricultural products, to provide inflow of capitals in the industry from export of a grain. All delegates of congress speaking about work in village, marked necessity of care about work in village and gradualness in business of collectivization. Also it was spoken about a shortfall at the state of material supplies for support of collective farms, about the oversight of agricultural machinery, about weakness of the agricultural party organizations. But, unfortunately, Stalin has failed correctly to estimate a situation in village. Wishing to recover damages for former failures and to surprise the world with a picture of great successes, he has headed for excessively high rates of collectivization, not beginning from objective possibilities. By November, 1929 than 7 % of country facilities have been incorporated into collective farms, as a rule, bednjatskih more. In the autumn of 1929 Stalin commits one more mistake, pushing the slogan of continuous collectivization which was obviously anticipatory. Continuous collectivization is a complete system of massive pumping transfer of resources from agrarian sector in industrial which included:
Stalin spoke in December, 1929: " That melkokrestjanskaja the village has gone behind socialist city, it is necessary still, among other things to implant in village large socialist facilities as collective farms and state farms, as bases of socialism... ". In the beginning of 1930 across Russia it has been fixed more than 2000 country performances in reply to raskulachivanija not only fists, but also everyone who refused to enter collective farms. In 1930 it has been arrested, rasstreljano, it is ejected in northern regions of the country much more fists, than them was actually. On March, 2, 1930 there is Stalin's clause "Dizziness". In it many excesses in collective-farm construction were correctly criticized. However the responsibility for admitted "distortions" was assigned to local organs. Collectivization has caused huge damage to an agricultural production. Execution of agricultural production has decreased. In 2 times the number of cattle, and also horses, she-goats, pigs and sheeps was reduced, use of organic fertilizers therefore was sharply reduced. In 1932-33 in territory of the Volga region, Southern Ukraine, Northern Caucasus and many other regions famine which fact was denied Stalin raged. For 2 years of famine has died about 5 million person. Collectivization has been finished in 1937. Then 93 % of country court yard have been incorporated into collective farms. All this is a vivid example of organizational despotism, display of the highest self-conceit and own infallibility in decision-making. Industrialization has gone right more than collectivization. During the period with 1928 for 1933 in the USSR 1500 large enterprises have been constructed and bases of such industries, as machine-tool construction, motor industry, mechanical engineering, the aviation and chemical industry are pledged. Execution of powerful turbines and generators, qualitative kinds of steel, ferroalloys, nitrogen, an artificial fibre, etc. has been adjusted. The defen?N industry Has been created. In enormous work on creation in the USSR the modern industry considerable work and Stalin has enclosed. However and in this area he quite often acted not as the wise statesman, and as the schemer and the voluntarist, creating for the country and a batch additional difficulties. The plan of the first pjatiletki (1928-33) has been constituted in two variants: the basic and optimum which was on 20 % more base. Start pjatiletki appeared not so successful. Production slowly grew. In developed conditions it would be most reasonable to reduce many tasks and to proceed to the base plan which, probably, it would be possible to carry out. But Stalin has insisted to substantial growth of many tasks of the five years' plan and has entered control tasks. During first time rates of a development of industry were rather high, but by 4 and 5 years pjatiletki all resources have been depleted, besides at the oversight of the qualified experts and elementary mismanagement, pjatiletka has not been accomplished. The basic plan pjatiletki accomplished only on execution of tractors, an oil recovery and peat. It is possible to tell, that the development of industry occured at the end of 20 - the beginning of 30th years slowly and was reached by the dear price not in the last instance because in the chapter of a batch and the Soviet state there was Stalin. At other, more competent management the country could reach the big results. 3 Part. STALIN'S DICTATORSHIP. REPRISALS3.1. " Congress of winners ". Assassination of KirovIn January - February, 1934 passed XVII congress which has received the title of " congress of winners ". Outagely he seem demonstration of the big unity. Really, all from Stalin's the biggest supporters up to former oppositionists praised the leader of a batch, "showed" love and devotion. On the business of the secretary general already very much were afraid. Khruschev and Zhdanov, for example, the first have named it, Stalin, " the ingenious leader ", Zinoviev has ranked it as a face klassikov scientific socialism, Kirov has defined the secretary general as " the greatest strategist of release of workers of our country and all world "; Voroshilov has told, that Stalin, being " the pupil and the friend " Lenin was also it "oruzhenostsem". But not all was so smoothly. Many delegates of congress, first of all those from them who was familiar with Lenin's "last will", considered, that there has come time to displace Stalin from a post of the secretary general for other work. When results of the ballot became known, appeared, that from 1225 delegates for Kirov, the first secretary Leningrad obkoma, there were 3 voices contra, and concerning Stalin - almost 300 though openly nobody has acted. Kaganovich has informed about it to Stalin, and was accepted decision to leave against Stalin too 3 voices. Other bulletins have been destroyed. Even if also considered these 300 voices contra all the same Stalin would be part of a Central Committee and, probably, would be elected in any case the secretary general. But the political resonance after announcement of true results would be such what to take into account all his consequences it would be impossible. All at once would feel, that greatness of "leader" efemerno. What has given Stalin XVII congress VKP (á)? He has shown, that of Stalin are afraid, that he is strong and can quietly go on punishment of everybody and when necessary. It is necessary to tell, that after congress Stalin's relation to Kirov, which as the personality, in many respects differed from the secretary general has sharply changed. He was simple and accessible, close to workers, frequently was at the enterprises, had huge energy, the bright oratorical talent, quite good theoretical preparation. Influence of Kirov steadily grew, and in 1934 he was, undoubtedly, the second person on authority on a batch. In the beginning Stalin referred to Kirov not bad, they had together a rest, friends families. But after XVII congress he appeared the contender in his eyes. On December, 1, 1934 S.M.Kirov has been killed in Smolnom. The assassin appeared somebody Nikolaev L. Â. Till now the truth about destruction of Kirov is unknown. In 30th years there was a set of versions. Spoke that Nikolaev has killed Kirov with jealousy for that ostensibly began to look after the wife of Nikolaev. Can be, Nikolaev was supporter Stalin and, having understood, what Kirov became more popular than "leader", has killed it? Hardly. The official version alleged, that the crime is perfect under the order one of former oppositionists: Trotsky, Zinoviev or Kamenev. However all these assumptions can be rejected safely. Today, knowing Stalin, his exclusive cruelty, insidiousness and perfidy, it of his hands is quite possible to assume, that business, for Stalin has been extremely interested in "cleaning" Kirov. Suspiciousness, authoritativeness, mercilessness always took top when it was necessary to make the choice between elementary decent and that prevented his authority from Stalin. 3.2. Mass reprisals in pre-war yearsAssassination of Kirov was the good excuse for a hardening of all internal political rate in the country. Stalin could not forget, that the fourth part of delegates of XVII congress voted against him. And how many at him opponents in all country? From 1225 delegates of congress 1108 person will be soon arrested, and almost everyone will be lost in torture-chambers of People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs and camps. It was conscious liquidation old " lenin guards ". They knew too much. Self-denying executives, the functionaries of younger generation who were not knowing his former were necessary for Stalin. On December, 1, 1934, in day of assassination of Kirov, under Stalin's instruction, without interrogation of members of the Political bureau, the decree of the Central Electoral Committee of the USSR " About modification in acting Codes of Criminal Procedure of union republics " has been constituted. In this document expressing with credo of lawlessness, it was spoken:
3.2.1. The big political processesAfter assassination of Kirov preparation for the organization of the big processes began, expansion of a network of correctional labor camps was conducted, mass exiles were realized. In September, 1936 there was a change narkoma domestic years. Instead of the Berry N.I.Yezhov has been assigned. An epoch of reprisals of 1937-38 name "ezhovshchinoj". However mass reprisals against simple Soviet citizens, against the administering party and state staff, beheading of command of Red Army, creation of a huge network of camps in Siberia and other places could not occur without Stalin's approval, and arrests and liquidation of many thousand heads - without his personal and express indication. Lists of the heads subject to liquidation, prepared for People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, for their approval Stalin's signatures, Molotova, Kaganovich were required. Yezhov has presented to 1937-38. about such 400 lists in which were maintained tens thousand names. In December, 1938 Yezhov has been displaced from the position, and in 1940 - rasstreljan. On his place there has come L.P.Berija. The first big process of the period of mass reprisals the court above heads former " the Leningrad opposition " - Zinovjevym, Kamenevym and 17 more their colleagues was. They have been arrested soon after assassination of Kirov. The first process has taken place on January, 15-16, 1935 in Leningrad. Charge has been put forward at once on several items: moral responsibility for assassination of Kirov, aspiration to restoration of a capitalism, kindling of terrorist moods, etc. Charged have not recognized itself guilty in anything except for moral responsibility. They denied, that knew something about activity of conspirators, about preparation of assassination. On January, 16 the verdict has been declared. Zinoviev has received 10 years, Kamenev 5 years of imprisonment. But they and have not left on freedom... On August, 19-24, 1936 them judged once again. Among charges there were also close connections with gestapo, performances against the lenin program of construction of socialism, preparation of assassinations of Stalin, Voroshilov, Kaganovich, Ordzhonikidze, Zhdanov, besides assassination of Kirov, etc. Zinoviev and Kamenev have recognized itself guilty of all extreme criminal charges. Next day they were rasstreljany. On March, 2, 1936 on the dock appeared Buharin, Roars, the Berry, Krestinsky - the first deputy narkoma foreign has put, Rozengolts - the head of department narkomata foreign trade and many other outstanding figures. They were charged of creation " pravotrotskistskogo the block " which purpose was overthrow in the USSR socialist building, with restoration of a capitalism, a partition of the USSR, etc. They ostensibly worked on foreign investigations, planned arrest and Lenin's assassination, etc. Charged in part have recognized the guilt and almost everyone have been sentenced to death. 3.2.2. Beheading of Red ArmyAt the end of 30th Soviet Union, not regretting neither forces, nor remedies prepared to inevitable, apparently, to war with the fascist states. And during this disturbing time Stalin and organs of People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs have put terrible impact on the staff of Red Army, having destroyed during two years of tens thousand its best commanders and commissioners. In June, 1937 were predany to court and rasstreljany the largest commanders. Among them were Tukhachevsky, Uborevich, JAkir, Feldman, Cork and others. All this was, however, only the beginning. Acting in August, 1937 on counsel army partrabotnikov, Stalin invoked to root out " enemies of people " in army and to inform on their actions. In day Voroshilov and Yezhov from afar the order on Armed forces where it was spoken, that in Red Army there is a ramified network of espionage. The order suggested everyone who is somehow connected to spies, - to confess; and that who who something knows or suspects about espionage activity, - to inform. In second half 1937 and in 1938 repressive organs have put a number of terrible impacts on the basic administering nucleus of Red Army - from commanding districts and fleet up to commanders of regiments and batallions. To heavy rout all military academies of Red Army have undergone almost. Chiefs of these academies, and also hundreds teachers and students have been arrested. Thus prominent representatives of a military science were lost. In result in officers of arms - only 7 % with higher education. Destruction of the best staff of Red Army called pleasure in stane hitlerites. Gitler attached to this huge value. He constantly declared, that in the USSR there are no good commanders for they are destroyed in 1937, and necessary minds in growing up change still while are absent. It is necessary to tell, about Stalin's one mistake before war. Of 45 and 76 mm anti-tank instruments have been removed from execution, execution of machine guns is reduced, the management did not see prospects of the missile weapon, tanks T-34. In a result Soviet Union has entered war absolutely unprepared. 3.2.3. Mass reprisals among all layers of the populationStalin reprisals have mentioned also huge number of workers of an average both lowest link and all layers of the population. In 1936 from a batch it has been excluded more than 1 million person. In conditions of that time it has been almost always connected to arrest. The big loss was incurred, for example, with working class. Hundreds and thousand workers it has been repressed at the largest enterprises: the Electrofactory, Kirovsk a factory in Leningrad, Metrostroe. The hard blow has been put and on village. Arrested for anything. E.S.Ginzburg it wrote in the memoirs about old kolhoznitse which have declared at arrest, that "trotskistka". Not understanding sense of this word, the old woman proved, that it not "traktoristka", that in their village of old people on a tractor do not put. In second half of 1937 on tens areas the wave of fine "open" processes has swept. Almost always among indictees there was a chairman of a district executive committee, director of MTS, chairmen of collective farms, the senior agriculturist, the doctor... Them charged in "harmful", "anti-soviet", "pravotrotskistskoj" activity. "Wreckers" in sphere of trade charged of the intentional organization of breakdowns in maintenance of the population by the goods to displease the Soviet authority. Workers on a factory could convict of "wrecking activity" if have detected not densely twirled nut on the machine tool... In some areas mad employees of People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs made accountable children of 10-12 years, charging them in creation of " counter-revolutionary terrorist group "... Priests and professing various religions were exposed to severe reprisals. Vovsju church buildings were terminated and communicated. To a beginning of war across all Russia there were only 150 temples... In total in 1936-1938 on political grounds it has been arrested about 5 million person. Only in Moscow for a day shot not less than 1000 person. It were any more streamlets, and the rivers of blood of innocent Soviet people. Any of tyrants and despots of the past did not subject to prosecutions and has not destroyed such big number of compatriots as Stalin. The most terrible, that people trusted "hotly favourite" comrade Stalin, they considered inconceivable, that he concerns mass terror. 3.2.4. Tortures and tortures of concludedArrests of innocent people only one of links of Stalin terror. The purpose of it was not only interment or destruction objectionable. It was necessary to break also their will, to force them to name itself " enemies of people ". It could not be made at observance of legal methods and forms of inquest. Tortures and tortures were applied by organs of People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs not under the initiative, and from the consent, or even on demand of the Stalin Political bureau. All innocent recognized itself in all conceivable and inconceivable crimes: in attempts at Stalin's life, in works on foreign investigations, in creation of new opposition groupings. Charged it was easier to die, than to suffer brutal tortures. Unless they can be sustained? Known writer A.Solzhenitsyn reconciles in the book "Archipelago GULAG" more than 30 tortures, and it is far from being all. There were also a sleeplessness after which " the person acts half unconsciously ", and thirst from which " language has swelled and as the hedgehog pricks at the slightest shevelenii ", and departure undressed in a punishment cell in which it is cold even in a fur coat, and otrubanie fingers, and torture by the heated iron, etc. Application of tortures is one of Stalin's the heaviest crimes and the system created by him. 3.3. Essence of a stalinism as totalitarian stateHistorians routinely understand as a totalitarianism political build, at which the government in the society is concentrated in hands of any one group (routinely the political party) when democratic freedom and a possibility of display of political opposition are destroyed. At such mode the ruling group completely obeys a life of society to the interests and keeps authority due to violence, mass reprisals, spiritual enthralment of the population. In the USSR in the middle 30 - the beginning of 40th years the totalitarianism, namely a stalinism was formed. In the country it were available all signs of " totalitarian system ":
Party and the government these years has been concentrated in Stalin's hands. At all "stages" of management the country had been provided the party surveillance above state organs, army, the industry. Purpose and displacement of statesmen party instances knew. Only party organs decided questions of structure of state system. The Political bureau were accepted with final judgement about creation new and closing old narkomatov. At the end of 30th years in the country there was a provision when it was impossible to differentiate where the state begins and the batch and on the contrary expires. At this time VKP (á) has substantially changed also own shape, has lost remnants of democratization in inner-party life. Rank-and-file members of a batch and even some members of a Central Committee have been discharged of development of party policy which became destiny of the Political bureau and a party apparatus. 4 Part. PERSONALITY CULT DURING POST-WAR TIME4.1. Supreme commander in chiefIn detail to describe a history of Great Domestic war and Stalin's role in it I shall not be. However victory in war also has consolidated in consciousness of people "importance", "infallibility", Stalin's "genius", as has resulted during post-war time to obozhestvleniju "leader". Up to the end of the life Stalin recollected first one and a half years of war as dreadful dream. Any commanding the frontier district, becoming commanding front, as well as marshals Voroshilov, Budyonnyj, Kulik, did not appear at height of the provision. It was difficult for Stalin to admit to itself what to stop the enemy eventually, it was possible by huge territorial, material and, first of all, human loss. Hitlerites have been stopped, mainly, due to heroism of all people. The payment for premilitary mistakes, miscalculations, terror, self-confidence was those. But to tell to "leader" about it there was nobody. Glorification of military genius Stalin began after fundamental change in a course of war - Stalingradskoj battles. Since this time, conscious distribution of a legend about " the ingenious commander " went. This legend has gone through Stalin, its influence is felt and today. Whether it is truthful? Whether it is true, what the creator of world-wide and historical victory Stalin was? It is quite often possible to hear such conclusion: time war was completed by victory, and Stalin was supreme commander in chief, that, means, he was the great commander. However, having studied works of outstanding commanders, historians, the writers assorting actions of Stalin, it is possible to come to conclusion, that in case of the thought over, careful and efficient preparation for war German approach could be stopped not at Volga, and much earlier, and with smaller loss. However it is not necessary to overestimate Stalin's role as it was right after wars, to underestimate it. He is involved in appearance of essentially new forms of strategic actions - operations of groups of fronts, it were slozhnejshie and the largest complexes of chipping and battles, subject to the uniform premeditation, agreed on the purpose, time and a place. Stalin seized the general premeditation of offensive operations quickly, sometimes offered essential details, directed on raise of power of impacts, but principled ideas as alternative to tenders of the General Staff, Supreme pushed extremely seldom. 4.2. Apogee of a cultAfter victory in war, Stalin's authority on the world has sharply grown, he has conquered deep respect among political leaders. In the USSR for people Stalin became something like the god, more likely an idol. Stalin was voznesyon on the highest point of glory. Continually, in the country only he everywhere was: photos in magazines and newspapers, on each page - tens mentions of his surname, a sculpture, bas-reliefs, monuments, titles of prospectuses and combines, collective farms and cities. It was personality cult. Stalin's 70-anniversary, probably, became the vivid example. It was all-Union, the world holiday can even. Stalin's encirclement designed to found " Stalin's award ", and the international Stalin premiums " For a strengthening of peace between peoples ", however Stalin has affirmed only premiums. An award has refused flatly, motiving it is that similar awards are founded only after death. All the December long "Truth" printed clauses, official reports, reportings about preparations of the country for anniversary. Every day the shaft of adulation accrued. In day of anniversary, having arrived in the Kremlin, Stalin for a long time studied newspapers, in detail got acquainted with a bale of manufacturing official reports about accomplished obligations in honour of his 70-anniversary. Reports went from all republics, edges, areas. Newspapers in day of anniversary almost did not print other materials, except for Stalin. But the seal was only an echo of his planetary glory: in thousand, hundreds thousand collectives (and not only in the USSR) there were the assemblies devoted to anniversary. At solemn assembly at the Big theatre there were many foreign leaders, and also all Soviet "top". All the evening long in a hall sounded: "genius", " the ingenious thinker and the leader ", " the ingenious teacher "... Only Mao TSzedun has not mentioned this word, he has named Stalin "great". Vylko CHervenkov has presented the letter of thanks signed in 5 million of workers of Bulgaria - almost all adult competent population of the country. Set of orators replaced each other on a tribune. Representatives of youth, the creative organizations acted poslantsy union republics. It was massed expression " love of peoples ". The exhibition of gifts which Stalin has looked at late night, impressed: the seas of banners from republics, areas, the enterprises, hundred pictures of known masters, sculptures, vases, albums, caskets, figurines, the whole arsenal of the weapon... Despite of glory, Stalin was lonely. He did not trust anybody. The destiny of dictators is those. The dictator himself deprives with itself normal human relations; ingratiation, flattery, adulation of an encirclement only emphasize his loneliness among crowd. Probably, shortly before death Stalin has understood, that, having conquered everything, he has lost. He has not reached happiness in life though has brought in the huge contribution to a world history. On March, 5, 1953 Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin has died. 4.3. Exposure of personality cultIn February, 1956 at XX congress N.S.Khruschev read the report " About personality cult and his consequences ". In it he talked about how gradually there was a personality cult. Khruschev spoke about " the Letter to congress " about which the majority of delegates has learned for the first time, about those evaluations which to Stalin were given by Lenin in the beginning of 20th years. All fervor of his performance has been directed on condemnation of Stalin lawlessnesses, Khruschev has told about how affairs were framed that " enemies of people " represented so-called. Especially the reporter pressed that Stalin was the incompetent head: " Knew the country and an agriculture only on films ", and during war " developed operations on the globe ", at all did not take into account opinion of party workers. The first secretary not bad knowing an agriculture, has put the whacks to a phantom on a stage in this area. Khruschev produced proofs that Stalin was the executioner, the sadist, the person, dispossessed any moral qualities. Khruschev has put style and methods of the management of Stalin under the big doubt. The reporter unequivocally established, that the main responsibility for crimes, crimes, terror lays on Stalin. So I.V.Stalin's personality cult has been discredited. THE CONCLUSIONThe stalinism became original secular religion. In it it is possible and it was necessary to trust, yield, comment only on the postulates, pushed Stalin. In a stalinism as in the misinterpreted theory and practice of socialism such motives, as automatism of work of a history on socialism, primary equity of all of his steps, predefiniteness of a celebration of communist ideals were obviously looked through. Stalin gave a lot of time to denial: the capitalist way of execution, operation, liquidation of classes and all batches, except for bolshevik, any sights, except for marxist... The stalinism has not resulted in full regeneration of the society, could not finally, completely deform socialist ideals and values. The belief of people in socialism has been reduced, but not destroyed. The stalinism has covered the society with an armour of bureaucratism and dogmatism, release from which goes painfully for a long time and difficultly. The damage - especially political, social, cultural moral, put by a stalinism to the society, - is huge. Scars of a stalinism will be for a long time and to cicatrize painfully. Not without reason this phenomenon has repeated and in other countries, for example, China, Korea. the List of the literature
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