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Keywords: an erythrocyte, anemias, a hemorrhage, a blood, erythron, erythrocytes, iron deficiency anemias

Infringements of system of erythrocytes. Anemias. Mechanisms of development

Key concepts

1. Hyperglobulias (erythros - red + kytos - a cell + osis) the pathological reaction described by rising in a blood of a haemoglobin content and amount of erythrocytes.
2. the Anemia (anaemia; an - a particle of denying, haima - a blood; an anemia) - sample pathological process which essential exhibiting is decrease of amount of a haemoglobin, erythrocytes and change of their function and frame.
3. Physiological regenerative changes of erythrocytes- the qualitative changes of erythrocyte system described by appearance in a blood of erythroblasts, normoblasts (normocytes), reticulocytes (polihromatofilov) as a result of a stimulation of a normoblastic erythrogenesis in an osteal brain.
4. Pathological regenerative changes of erythrocytes- the qualitative changes of erythrocyte system described by appearance in a blood and an osteal brain of embryon erythrocytes (megaloblasts, megaloytes, nuclear incorporations of bodies ZHolli and rings Kebota).
5. Degenerative changes of erythrocytes- the qualitative changes of erythrocyte system described by appearance in a blood of erythrocytes of the different dimensions (anisocytosis) and forms (poikilocytosis), erythrocytes with attributes of hypo-and anizohromii, with a basophilic stippling.
6. Hemoglobinopathies (haemoglobinopathia) - ancestral hemocatheretic anemias, which parentage it is connected to infringement of rate of synthesis or frame of polypeptide chains of a haemoglobin And (and *97; _{2*szlig; 2}).
7. the Anemia falculate - cellular (anaemia meniscocytica; sin. The S-hemoglobinopathy, a sickle cell disease) is an ancestral hemocatheretic anemia, at which in *szlig; polypeptide chains of a haemoglobin (*szlig;-4) the glutamate is changed valinom.
8. the Anemia enzimopenicheskaja (anaemia enzymopenica; en - inside; zyme ferment; penia - poverty, a disadvantage; enzimopatii) - the group name of the hemocatheretic anemias arising as a result of ancestral failure of certain enzymes of erythrocytes, for example, a-6-ФДГ.
9. Eritrotsitopatii (erythrocytes + pathos - suffering, illness; membranopatija erythrocytes) - the bunch of ancestral hemocatheretic anemias connected to anomalies of albuminous or lipide components of an environment of erythrocytes that is the cause of change of their form and their premature destruction.
10. Eritrotsitopenija (erythrocytopenia; an erythrocyte + penia - poverty, a disadvantage) - The pathological reaction accompanying with absolute or relative decrease of the maintenance of erythrocytes in a peripheric blood.

Educational elements

I. Oбщая the characteristic of infringements of system of erythrocytes

• - hyperglobulias: definition of concept
• - anemias: definition of concept
• - erythropenias: definition of concept

II. Anemias as sample pathological process

• principles of classification of anemias
• the causes of development of anemias
• the characteristic of a haemogram at anemias
• pathophysiological exhibitings of anemias

III. Principles of classification of anemias

• - classification of anemias on a pathogeny
• - anemias owing to a hemorrhage
• acute posthemorrhagic anemias
• chronic posthemorrhagic anemias
• - anemias owing to oppression of erythron
• anemias owing to infringement of a neurohormonal regulation
• dizeritropoeticheskie anemias
• - anemias owing to the increased destruction of erythrocytes (hemocatheretic anemias)
• the got hemocatheretic anemias
• ancestral hemocatheretic anemias

IV. Anemias owing to a hemorrhage

• an acute posthemorrhagic anemia
• downstroke of oxygenous capacity of a blood - gemicheskaja a hypoxia
• physiological regenerative changes of erythrocytes
• normocytes (normoblasts), a reticulocytosis
• a chronic posthemorrhagic anemia
• degenerative changes of erythrocytes in a peripheric blood (an anisocytosis, a poikilocytosis, a hypochromia), nerezko the expressed regenerative changes (normocytes normoblasts, reticulocytes)

V. Aнемии owing to oppression of erythron

• - infringement of a neurohormonal regulation of an erythrogenesis
• - dizeritropoeticheskie anemias
• B₁₂-фолиеводефицитные anemias
• iron deficiency anemias
• anemias at infringement of synthesis of a heme
• sideroblastnye anemias
• hypo-and aplastic anemias

VI. Anemias at failure of vitamin In₁₂and Acidum folicum (megaloblasticheskaja an anemia)

• megaloblastichesky (embryon) phylum of an erythrogenesis
• regenerative changes of erythrocytes of pathological type (megaloblasts, megaloytes, nuclear incorporations: bodies ZHolli, rings Kebota), degenerative changes of erythrocytes (a macrocytosis, a poikilocytosis, a hyperchromia)
• a disadvantage eritropoetina
• anemias premature

VII. Iron deficiency anemias

• neusvoenie (ahrezija) Ferri lactas
• infringement of formation of a heme: Changes of erythrocytes - a microcythemia, a poikilocytosis, a hypochromia, normocytes (normoblasts)
• hypo-and aplastic anemias
• a hypoplasia (aplasia) of an osteal brain

VIII. Anemias at infringement of synthesis of a heme

• blockage by lead of sulfhydryl bunches of a heme - synthetase
• downstroke of activity of Pyridoxalphosphatum (vitamin B₆)
• infringement of connection Ferri lactas with a protoporphyrin
• infringement of synthesis of a heme
• - the characteristic of a haemogram
• regenerative changes of erythrocytes of physiological type (reticulocytosis)
• augmentation in an osteal brain of formation of sideroblasts
• degenerative changes of erythrocytes (a hypochromia, a basophilic stippling in erythrocytes)

IX. Anemias owing to the increased destruction of erythrocytes (hemocatheretic anemias)

• the got hemocatheretic anemias
• toksikogemoliticheskie
• pathoimmune mechanisms
• hemocatheretic illness neonatal
• regenerative (normoblasts, reticulocytes) and degenerative (a microspherocytosis, normo-, a hyperchromia, a basophilic stippling) changes of erythrocytes
• ancestral hemocatheretic anemias
• hemoglobinopathies (falculate - cellular, mishenevidnaja anemias)
• thalassemias
• eritrotsitopatii (mikrosferotsitarnaja, ovalotsitarnaja anemias)
• eritroenzimopatii (deficiency a-6-ФДГ in erythrocytes)

X. Pathophysiological exhibitings of anemias

• gemicheskaja a hypoxia
• paleness of integuments and mucosas of an oral cavity
• krovotochivost
• a hemocatheretic icterus

XI. Kompensatorno-adaptive processes at anemias

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Keywords: an erythrocyte, anemias, a hemorrhage, a blood, erythron, erythrocytes, iron deficiency anemias

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