Main :: Abstracts :: Psychiatry :: Links
: Forum :: Guest book

Keywords: pots, arterial pressure, a blood pressure, a hypertonia, a hypotonia, cardiovascular system, physiopathology, an idiopathic hypertensia, a hypotension, an arterial hypertension, a hypotension, a hypertonic disease, an angiotensin - turning an enzyme, vascular tone, pathological physiology, heart, a hypertrophy of a left ventricle, rising of arterial pressure

Infringement of a circulation at distress of functions of pots (tone). Arterial hypertensions. Arterial hypotensions

Key concepts

1. the Hypertension arterial (hyper - above, tensio - a strain, a tension) - rising of arterial pressure.
2. the Hypertonia arterial (hyper - above, tonos - a strain) - rising of tone of the arterial pots, accompanying with augmentation of a blood pressure.
3. the Initial essential hypertension, an idiopathic hypertensia (morbus hypertonicus) - disease of the organism, leading which exhibiting is rising arterial pressure as a result of initial infringement of neurohumoral mechanisms of a regulation of a circulation.
4. the Secondary, symptomatic hypertension- rising of arterial pressure at various diseases (closed glands, nephroses, etc.), is one of signs of the basic illness.
5. the Hypotension arterial (hypo - is lower, tensio - a strain, a tension) - dropping of an arterial blood pressure.
6. the Hypotonia arterial (hypo - is lower, tonos - a strain) - dropping of tone of the arterial pots, accompanying with downstroke of a blood pressure.
7. the Hypotension (morbus hypotonicus) - disease of the organism, leading which exhibiting is dropping arterial pressure as a result of initial infringement of neurohumoral mechanisms of a regulation of a circulation.
8. the Collapse (collapsus - subitaneously to drop) - it is acute the educing vascular failure described by falling of vascular tone and a degrowth of the circulating blood; shows sharp downstroke arterial and a venous pressure, attributes of a hypoxia of a brain and the vital functions of an organism.

the General pathological value

In a basis initial and secondary arterial hypertensions infringements of a neurohumoral regulation of the circulation, showing distress of dynamic equilibrium pressornyh and depressornyh mechanisms of stabilization of a blood pressure lay. To the main pathophysiological factors of rising of arterial pressure concern: augmentation of constriction function of heart, tone of arterioles, volume of a circulating blood and viscosity of a blood.

Rising activity pressornyh neurohumoral influences descends on a path:

- activations of the neurogenic (central) mechanisms included under influence of such etiological factors, as a nervous - emotional stress, an ischemia of a brain, a craniocerebral trauma, etc. Infringement nejrodinamiki in a limbic brain (hypothalamus) results in rising tone of a vasomotor center with formation of a pathological majorant and an activation adrenergicheskoj an innervation of heart and pots. Thus development of a hyperkinetic hypertension with initial augmentation of cardiac outlier and a hypertonia of resistance with initial rising neurogenic vascular tone is possible;

- activations of endocrine mechanisms (a hyperfunction of system pituitary bodies - paranephroses) risings of myogenetic (basal) tone of pots and a blood pressure;

- incorporations of the renal mechanism described by an activation of system a renin - angiotenzin-aldosteron. At a pathology of nephroses (nephritises, pyelonephrites, cysts of nephroses), and also at narrowing renal arterias (a renovascular hypertension) the symptomatic (secondary) arterial hypertension educes.

Downstroke depressornyh neurohumoral influences results in development of an arterial hypertension and is carried out in result:

- oppressions depressornogo jerk which central part are receptors limbiki, myelencephalon, etc. cerebral frames. Downstroke of development in a hypothalamus of opiat neuropeptids (endorphins and enkephalins) conducts to an activation adrenergicheskih mechanisms of rising of a blood pressure;

- downstrokes of sensitivity of mechanioreceptors depressornyh reflexogenic regions of pots (an aorta, sinocarotid regions) and their acclimatizations to the increased blood pressure (P.K.Anohin);

- failures humoral depressornyh mechanisms (system protivogipertenzin (Prostaglandinum Å) Progesteronum, kinin-kallikrein, downstrokes of activity of an angiotensinase).

Arterial hypertensions are complicated infringements of functions of a CNS (insults), hearts (a hypertrophy of a myocardium, an ischemic disease), a pulmonary hypertension, an atherosclerosis, nephropathies, retinopathies, etc.

Arterial hypertensions educe at downstroke pressornyh or rising depressornyh mechanisms of a regulation of vascular tone. Initial (neurocirculatory) and secondary (symptomatic) hypotensions, chronic arterial hypotensions (hypotension), acute (a collapse, a shock) distinguish. The basic complications at hypotensions are connected to infringement of a hemodynamics and formation of a circulate hypoxia of a various degree of gravity and localization.

Educational elements

I. Arterial hypertensions

• an initial arterial hypertension (idiopathic hypertensia)
• secondary "symptomatic" hypertensions
• pathophysiological factors of stabilization of high arterial pressure

II. An etiology of arterial hypertensions

• a nervous - emotional strain
• a hypoxia of the central nervous system
• a hypodynamia
• the nutritional (saline) factor
• a heredity - a risk factor
• calcium membranopatija, etc.
• diseases of endocrine system and nephroses (secondary arterial hypertensions)

III. Pressornye mechanisms of development of arterial hypertensions

• centrogenic
• endocrine
• renal mechanisms

IV. Centrogenic mechanisms of development of arterial hypertensions

• infringement corticosubcortical nejrodinamiki
• tserebroishemicheskaja a hypertension
• rising of activity adrenergicheskoj an innervation of heart and pots

V. Endocrine mechanisms of arterial hypertensions

• an activation of the hypothalamo-hypophysis mechanism (Somatotropinum, corticotropin, Vasopressinum)
• an activation of the adrenal mechanism

VI. The renal mechanism of arterial hypertensions

• a renin - angiotenzin-aldosteronovyj the mechanism
• a renovascular hypertension

VII. Failure depressornyh mechanisms in development of arterial hypertensions

• infringement of the central link depressornogo jerk
• infringement peripheric depressornogo jerk
• infringement humoral depressornyh mechanisms

VIII. A hemodynamics at various kinds of hypertensions

IX. A lesion of a wall of blood vessels in mechanisms of development of arterial hypertensions

X. Arterial hypotensions, the causes and mechanisms of development

• acute and chronic
• the causes and mechanisms of development
• an activation depressornyh and oppression pressornyh mechanisms of a regulation of a blood pressure
• a hypotension
• a collapse, his kinds

Educational and research work of students

The rabbit fix to the machine tool on a back. In range of a neck cut out a wool, under a skin introduce 2 ml of 0,5 % of solution of Novocainum and effect a midsection of a skin. At the left and to the right of a trachea find the general carotid arteries, excrete them and take on a ligature. Prepare for a surgery field in range of a dextral hip: cut out a wool, introduce Novocainum in the amount which has been mentioned above and do a cut above a projection of a femoral arteria. Vydjaljajut a femoral arteria also take on a ligature. Into a regional vein of an ear of the rabbit introduce Heparinum (0,1 ml on 1 kg of weight). Arterial pressure measure in a femoral arteria by a direct method with the help of the electrical gauge. Registration of a blood pressure is effected on electron writing potentiometer ÊÑÏ-4.

Record initial arterial pressure, then serially with the help of clamps switch off all over again left, and then a dextral general carotid artery, invoking ishemizatsiju a brain. Mark a degree of change of arterial pressure, continuing registration. Recover a blood-groove on carotid arteries and then switch off simultaneously both pots. Observe of change of a level of arterial pressure.

On the electron device the teacher shows an arterial hypertension rising arterial pressure in reply to the electrical stimulant modelling deenergizing of the general carotid arteries at an animal.

The received data enter in the minutes as the schedule reflecting dynamics of arterial pressure.

Pathophysiological problems

the Problem 1.Neurogenic (centrogenic) mechanisms of a regulation of a blood pressure are included in the general pathogeny of an idiopathic hypertensia (an essential hypertension) under influence of such etiological factors, as a nervous - emotional stress, an ischemia of a brain, a craniocerebral trauma, etc. Infringement nejrodinamiki in a limbic brain (hypothalamus) results in rising tone of a vasomotor center with formation of a pathological majorant and an activation adrenergicheskoj an innervation of heart and pots. Thus development of various forms of an idiopathic hypertensia is possible: hyperkinetic with initial augmentation of cardiac outlier and a hypertonia of resistance with initial infringement of vascular tone.

and. Explain mechanisms of development of the hyperkinetic form of an arterial hypertension.

. Explain mechanisms of development of an arterial hypertension of resistance.

the Problem 2.the Pathology of the closed glands, showing a hyperfunction of a pituitary body and paranephroses, is accompanied by intensifying of development of corticotropin, Somatotropinum and Vasopressinum, pots raising myogenetic (basal) tone and a blood pressure.

And. Open mechanisms of development of an arterial hypertension at an activation of hypothalamo-hypophysis system.

. Explain mechanisms of development of an arterial hypertension at a hyperfunction of paranephroses.

the Problem 3.At a pathology of nephroses (nephritises, pyelonephrites, cysts of nephroses), and also at narrowing renal arterias at patients is found out an arterial hypertension (" a renal hypertonia "). In experiment it has been shown, that by dosed narrowing renal arterias at dogs the chronic arterial hypertension educes.

And. Explain renal mechanisms of development of an arterial hypertension.

. Explain mechanisms of development of a symptomatic arterial hypertension at renal diseases.

Century. Name mechanisms of development of a renovascular hypertension.

the Problem 4.Arterial hypertensions arise as consequence of infringement of balance between pressornoj and depressornoj systems of a regulation of a blood pressure. So, at failure depressornyh mechanisms prevails pressornyj effect. Failure neurogenic depressornogo the mechanism is connected to oppression depressornyh jerks which central part are receptors limbiki, myelencephalon, etc. cerebral frames. Downstroke of development in a hypothalamus of opiat neuropeptids (endorphins and enkephalins) conducts to rising activity of sympathetic nervous system and an arterial hypertension. Downstroke of sensitivity of mechanioreceptors depressornyh reflexogenic regions of pots (an aorta, sinocarotid regions), their acclimatization to the increased blood pressure is accompanied by downstroke depressornogo jerk and to rising of a blood pressure (P.K.Anohin).

Failure humoral depressornyh mechanisms (system protivogipertenzin (Prostaglandinum Å) Progesteronum, kinin-kallikrein,) results downstroke of activity of an angiotensinase in an arterial hypertension.

And. What pathogenetic role of activity of opiat neuropeptids (enkephalins, endorphins) in development of arterial hypotensions and hypertensions?

. Explain mechanisms of development of a reflexogenic arterial hypertension (P.K.Anohin).

Century. Open value of infringements humoral depressornyh mechanisms in originating an arterial hypertension (failure of system protivogipertenzin-Progesteronum, kinin-kallikrein, downstroke of activity of an angiotensinase).

. Explain procedure of procreation of experimental model to " a hypertonia of a disinhibition ".

the Problem 5.Downstroke of arterial pressure can arise is acute (acute vascular failure - a shock, a collapse) or chronically (hypotension). Arterial hypotensions can educe as a result of an activation depressornyh and oppressions pressornyh mechanisms of a regulation of a blood pressure. Such pathophysiological factors take part in stabilization of the reduced blood pressure, as decrease of minute volume of heart, downstroke of tone of blood vessels, decrease of volume of a circulating blood, change reologicheskih properties of a blood - downstroke of viscosity.

and. Open mechanisms of development of an acute arterial hypotension - a collapse.

. Explain a pathogeny of a hypotension

Discussion of results:

Infringements of a circulation in system of the general carotid arteries results in development of a tserebro-ischemic arterial hypertension in which basis three mechanisms lay: centrogenic, reflexogenic and renal.

The hypoxic boring of nervous frames of a brain invokes an activation of sympathetic nervous system, intensifying of influence pressornyh mechanisms and inhibition depressornogo sinocarotid jerk.

Later the renal mechanism through an activation adrenergicheskoj an innervation of the SOUTH of nephroses and a renin - angiotenzin-aldosteronovogo of the mechanism is included.

Conclusions:

1. the Ischemia of a brain is accompanied by hypertonic reaction of cardiovascular system of an organism.
2. the Level of rise of arterial pressure depends on a degree and duration ishemizatsii a brain.

To discuss a material at a forum of a site

Keywords: pots, arterial pressure, a blood pressure, a hypertonia, a hypotonia, cardiovascular system, physiopathology, an idiopathic hypertensia, a hypotension, an arterial hypertension, a hypotension, a hypertonic disease an angiotensin - turning an enzyme, vascular tone, pathological physiology, heart, a hypertrophy of a left ventricle, rising of arterial pressure

Main | Abstracts, compositions, lectures | Psychiatry | Links
Forum | Guest book