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Keywords: water, salts, a water-salt exchange, electrolits, a pathology water and elektrolitnogo balance, a dehydration, an overhydratation, an edema, the mechanism of edemas, a deaquation, an exicosis
the Overhydratation of an organism and edemas, a hydropenia (deaquation) of an organism, mechanisms of development
Key concepts
- the Overhydratation (hyper - over, above; hydros - water) - the increased maintenance of fluid various osmoljarnosti in tissues of an organism.
- the Edema (oedema - a turgidity) - the typical pathological process described regionarnym by augmentation of the maintenance of fluid in intercellular space as a result of infringement of general (nejrogormonalnyh) and aboriginal mechanisms of a regulation of a water-salt exchange of an organism.
- Hydropic illness (morbus oedematicus) - the pathological phenomenon described by formation in an organism of wide-spread edemas and an edema as a result of distress of neurohumoral and aboriginal mechanisms of a regulation of a water-salt exchange.
- the Water venenating- the systemic venenating of an organism with water, is characterized mainly by a delay of water in an organism with infringement of function, a metabolism, frame of cells and development of a hypoxia.
- the Edema (hydrops) - a clump of hydropic fluid in serous lumens (pleural, belly, articulate, pericardiac, etc.).
- the Ascites (ascitis), an edema of a belly lumen - a clump of hydropic fluid (transudate) in a belly lumen.
- the Anasarca (anasarka) - a wide-spread edema (edema) of a skin and a hypodermic fat.
- the Transudate (transsudatis - penetration) - the hydropic fluid leaving a blood in extravascular space at infringement of the general (neurohumoral) and aboriginal mechanisms of a regulation of a water-salt exchange.
Educational elements
I. The general pathophysiological characteristic of distresses of a water-salt exchange
- - the basic forms of infringements of a water-salt exchange
- superfluous accumulation of fluid in an organism
- a positive water balance (overhydratation)
- the insufficient maintenance of fluid in an organism
- a negative water balance (hydropenia)
II. The basic forms of an overhydratation
- a generalized overhydratation
- regionarnaja an overhydratation (edemas)
III. Mechanisms of development of a generalized overhydratation
- - giperosmoljarnaja an overhydratation
- - izoosmoljarnaja an overhydratation
- - gipoosmoljarnaja an overhydratation
IV. Mechanisms of development of a water venenating
- decrease osmoljarnosti extracellular fluid
- ascending of volume of extracellular fluid
- rising osmoljarnosti cells
- an overhydratation of cells
- an edema of a brain
- a headache
- infringement of function of cardiovascular system
- downstroke of activity of enzymes
- infringement of a metabolism
- development of an endointoxication
V. Mechanisms of development regionarnoj an overhydratation (edemas)
- the general nejro-hormonal mechanisms
- aboriginal mechanisms (factors Starlinga)
VI. The general nejro-hormonal mechanisms of an edematization
- - adrenal osmoregulirujushchy jerk
- - hypothalamo-hypophysis osmoregulirujushchy jerk
- - pathological osmoregulirujushchy jerk
VII. Aboriginal mechanisms of an edematization (factors Starlinga)
- - the basic pathogenetic factors in an edematization
- change of a gradient of hydrodynamical pressure
- change of a gradient onkoticheskogo pressure
- change of a gradient of osmotic pressure
- change of a permeability of a vascular wall
- infringement of a flow of lymph
- change of a hydrophylic nature of histic colloids
- change of resistance of tissues to processes of a hydration
VIII. Classification of edemas
- cardiac
- renal
- endocrine
- inflammatory
- toxic
- allergic
- hungry (cachectic)
IX. Leading pathogenetic factors in development of separate kinds of edemas
- - cardiac edemas
- - renal edemas
- - endocrine edemas
- - inflammatory edemas
- - toxic edemas
- - allergic edemas
- - hungry (cachectic) edemas
X. Pathophysiological principles of therapy of edemas
- restriction of entering of fluid in an organism
- intensifying of deducing of fluid from an organism: dehydrational therapy
- downstroke of gradients hydrodynamical (blood - tissue), osmotic and onkoticheskogo pressure (tissue - blood)
XI. The basic forms of a hydropenia (dehydration)
- giperosmoljarnaja a hydropenia
- izoosmoljarnaja a hydropenia
- gipoosmoljarnaja a hydropenia
XII. Mechanisms of development giperosmoljarnoj hydropenias
- a diabetic exicosis (diabetes)
- failure of function of hypothalamo-hypophysis system
- downstroke of development of antidiuretic hormone
- a hyporeactivity of receptors of a renal epithelium to antidiuretic hormone
- giperosmoljarnost extracellular fluid
- an endocellular dehydration
- infringements of the kislotno-basic state
XIII. Mechanisms of development izoosmoljarnoj hydropenias
- - gastrichesky an exicosis
- a pernicious vomiting
- loss of a gastric juice (a hydrochloric acid, fluid)
- an extracellular dehydration
- an endocellular dehydration
- a hyposalemia
- - enteralnyj an exicosis
- profuse diarrhea
- loss of intestinal juice (a hydrocarbonate of a sodium, fluid)
- an extracellular dehydration
- extracellular gipoosmija
- an endocellular dehydration
- a hyponatremia
- - a thermal exicosis
- plazmopoterja
- loss of extracellular fluid
- a hyponatremia
- infringements of the kislotno-basic state
XIV. Mechanisms of development gipoosmoljarnoj hydropenias
- mineralokortikoidnaja failure
- downstroke of a reabsorption of a sodium in nephroses
- augmentation of a natriuresis
- augmentation of loss of a sodium
- gipoosmija extracellular fluid
- an endocellular overhydratation
- a swelling of cells
- dystrophic changes of cells
XV. Pathophysiological principles of therapy of a hydropenia
- regeneration of a water-salt homeostasis
- regidratatsionnaja therapy
- regeneration of a drinking regimen
- regeneration of volume of a circulating blood
- a transfusion of water-salt admixtures
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Keywords: water, salts, a water-salt exchange, electrolits, a pathology water and elektrolitnogo balance, a dehydration, an overhydratation, an edema, the mechanism of edemas, a deaquation, an exicosis
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