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Keywords: a hyperoxia, a hyperbaric oxygenation, hyperoxic Oxygenium, free radicals, oxidation

the HYPEROXIA: its role in a pathology. A hyperbaric oxygenation, pathophysiological mechanisms

Key concepts

1. the Hyperoxia (hyper - above, over, oxygenium - Oxygenium) - the increased partial pressure of Oxygenium in tissues of an organism.
2. the Hyperoxemia (hyper - above, over, oxygenium - Oxygenium, haima - a blood) - the increased maintenance of Oxygenium in a blood.
3. the Hyperbaric oxygenation- (hyper - above, over, barys - serious) - a saturation of an organism Oxygenium under an overpressure.
4. Hyperbaric oxygenous therapy- a method of treatment in the vacuum chamber, based on application of a hyperbaric oxygenation.

Educational elements

1. The basic historical stages of hyperbaric medicine

1.1. The mechanical theory of a hyperbaric oxygenation

• mechanical redistribution of a blood

1.2. The physical and chemical theory of a hyperbaric oxygenation

• " the theory of a supersaturation " fluid mediums of an organism

1.3. hyperbaric oxygenations - as the pharmacological agent

• action few toxic and toxic doses of Oxygenium

• a hyperbaric oxygenation₂as adaptogennyj and the pathogenic factor

2. An adaptable (protective - adaptive) stage of a hyperoxia as a basis of positive clinical result of a hyperbaric oxygenation

2.1. Forms of acclimatization

• protective - adaptive - mobilizujushchee action of a hyperbaric oxygenation
• compensator - replaceable action of a hyperbaric oxygenation

2.2. Phylums of acclimatization

• functional, metabolic, structural acclimatization

3. Mechanisms of acclimatization in hyperoxic medium

3.1. Releasers of action of hyperbaric Oxygenium on a cell

• direct action: incorporation of Oxygenium in elektronotransportnye chains of mitochondrions and endoplazmaticheskogo retikuluma
• the mediated action: through free radicals of the biomoleculas, conjugate metabolic pathes
• a reflex effect: through neuroceptors

3.2. Kinds of action of hyperbaric Oxygenium on a cell (organism)

• specific action - maintenance of function redoks-and antiredoks systems
• nonspecific action - mobilization of universal protective - adaptive processes

3.3. The general mechanisms of acclimatization to a hyperoxia

4. Adaptatsionno-functional mechanisms of action of a hyperbaric oxygenation at a pathology (menacing and critical states of an organism)

4.1. Regulate neurohumoral mechanisms

- hyperbaric Oxygenium - a nonspecific physical and chemical irritant of polyreceptor associations

- adrenoreaktivnye frames of blood vessels as oxygenous receptors

- activity of afferent pathes of neurohumoral mechanisms of a hyperbaric oxygenation at a shock

An activation of an afferent link of cardiovascular jerk

Normalization of an afferent impulsation chrevnogo a nerve

- activity of the central parts of neurohumoral mechanisms of a hyperbaric oxygenation

Regulate influences of a CNS on protective - adaptive mechanisms at pathological processes (a shock, distresses of a cerebral circulation, etc.)

- efferent mechanisms of a regulation in conditions of a hyperbaric oxygenation

Change of function of neuroendocrinal system

- reactions of hypothalamo-hypophysis system to a hyperoxia

A stimulation of a biosynthesis of neurohormones in supraopticheskom and paraventrikuljarnom nucleus of a hypothalamus

- reactions of sympatic system to a hyperoxia

Intensifying a secretion of catecholamins

4.2. Effector mechanisms

- reactions of functional systems and organs - a lung respiration, a circulation, a blood, a liver, nephroses, etc.

- regeneration of functional characteristics of nephrons at acute renal failure, an acute serum disease

5. Adaptatsionno-metabolic mechanisms of a hyperbaric oxygenation at a pathology (a shock, a myocardial infarction, an ischemia of a brain, hepatitises)

5.1. Biopower mechanisms of a hyperbaric oxygenation

• augmentation of oxygenous capacity of a respiratory chain of mitochondrions
• a phenomenon of an attraction of electrons on Oxygenium
• rising of a strain of Oxygenium in an arterial blood
• the prevention of oppression of cellular respiration in a brain, heart, a liver
• change of dynamics of free energy of oxidation-reduction processes
• rising of activity of transmitting agents of electrons (ABOVE - DEPENDENT the dehydrogenases, FAD-DEPENDENT dehydrogenases, hemoproteins - TSHO)
• intensifying oxidative fosforilirovanija and developments ATF in cells

5.2. Dezintoksikatsionnye mechanisms of a hyperbaric oxygenation

• an activation of reactions mikrosomalnogo oxidations of biomoleculas
• inhibition svobodnoradikalnyh oxidation reactions
• activity of antioxidant system
• decrease of superfluous accumulation of ammonia in a brain, etc. organs
• the prevention of development of an acidosis of damage of cells

5.2.1. Svobodnoradikalnye reactions and a hyperbaric oxygenation

• an activation of enzymes - superoxide scavenger (SOD), peroksidazy (gljutatioperoksidazy), catalases
• participation in antiradical reactions of an alpha - tocopherol, a urea, amino acids, Acidum ascorbinicum, etc. antioxidants
• use intermediatov Oxygenium in reactions gidroksilirovanija biomoleculas (detoxification and a biosynthesis)
• an activation of system NAD.N-tsitohrom R-450 + About₂= detoxification
• inhibition svobodnoradikalnyh reactions the FLOOR
• deducing from an organism of xenobiotics

5.2.2. Detoxification of ammonia and a hyperbaric oxygenation

• elimination ammonijnogo endotoksikoza
• the prevention of alterations of an interrelation in a CNS of mediators of exaltation and inhibition a glutamate / GAMK

5.2.3. A Sodium lactatum - acidosis and a hyperbaric oxygenation

• incorporation of a pyruvate in process mitohondrialnogo oxidations
• retardation of rate of reactions anaerobnogo a glycolysis
• an activation of aerobic fractions LDG_1,2and inhibition anaerobnyh LDG_4,5

5.3. Biosynthetic mechanisms of a hyperbaric oxygenation

• the prevention of infringements of functions of a genome (a DNA - a RNA - protein)
• inhibition of a superactivity of the DNK-ENZYME and the RNK-ENZYME
• an activation of synthesis of rilizing-Hormonums in a hypothalamus
• augmentation of development of catecholamins, corticosteroids, an angiotensin, Heparinum
• intensifying of synthesis of antibodies in conditions of antioxidant activity SOD
• inhibition of antibody formation in conditions of the reduced antioxidant activity
• an activation of a biosynthesis respiratory and mikrosomalnyh enzymes

6. Adaptatsionno-morphogenetic mechanisms of a hyperbaric oxygenation

6.1. Ultrastructural elements of a sanogenesis

• the prevention of development of a fibrillation
• regeneration of the maintenance of a glycogen in heart, a liver
• the prevention of process of an albuminous dystrophia of hepatocytes
• the prevention of progressing of a fatty dystrophia of hepatocytes

6.2. Subcellular elements of a sanogenesis

• the prevention of development of various kinds of dystrophias in an internals and closed glands at a pathology (various kinds of a shock)

6.3. Cellular elements of a sanogenesis

• the prevention of development of necrobiotic processes in cells
• an intensification of a proliferation, neogenesis and a reparation in tissues
• a stimulation of an erythrogenesis at acute posthemorrhagic states

7. Degrees of acclimatization

• giperbioticheskaja - a promoting effect of a hyperbaric oxygenation
• normobioticheskaja - korrigirujushchee action of a hyperbaric oxygenation
• gipobioticheskaja - an inhibiting effect of a hyperbaric oxygenation

8. A toxic stage of a hyperoxia

8.1. The general toxic set of symptoms

• a hyperoxic hypoxia

8.2. A neurotoxic set of symptoms

• a hyperbaric oxygenous epilepsy (P.Ber)

8.3. A pneumotoxic set of symptoms

• a hyperbaric oxygenous bronchopneumonia (L.Smit)
• a neurogenic dystrophia mild

9. An end-stage of a hyperoxia

- a shock, a collapse, clinical mors

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Keywords: a hyperoxia, a hyperbaric oxygenation, hyperoxic Oxygenium, free radicals, oxidation

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