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Keywords: a hypoxia, a hyperoxia, hyperbarium, a hypobarium, universal pathogenic factors, Oxygenium, pressure, kesonnaja illness

the Role of universal pathogenic factors (a hypoxia, a hyperoxia, a hypercapnia, an acapnia) in a pathogeny. Phylogenetic and ontogenetic aspects of a reactivity of an organism in a pathology

Key concepts

1. the Hypobarium (hypo - under, below; baros - pressure) - the lowered pressure of gases in environment.
2. Hyperbarium (hyper - above, from above; baros - pressure) - a supertension of gases in environment.
3. the Hypoxia (hypo - under, below; oxygenium - Oxygenium) - the typical pathological process described by decrease of the maintenance of Oxygenium in tissues is lower than 20 mm of the hg, showing absolute or relative failure of a biological oxidation in a cell.
4. the Anoxemia (hypo - under, below; oxygenium - Oxygenium; haima - a blood) - downstroke of partial pressure of Oxygenium in an arterial blood is lower than 60 mm of a hg
5. the Acapnia- downstroke of partial pressure of a carbon dioxide in an arterial blood is lower than 40 mm of a hg
6. the Hypercapnia- rising of partial pressure of a carbon dioxide in an arterial blood is higher than 50 mm of a hg
7. the Nitrogenous venenating (deep illness) - the illness educing in an organism in connection with accumulation in tissues of free nitrogen and described by infringement of function of the central nervous system (depression, a narcosis) after a short-term stage exaltations (euphoria).
8. High-altitude (mountain) illness- the illness educing in an organism at at rise on height more 4000 m above sea level as a result of downstroke pO₂in inhaled air also is characterized by a hypoxic lesion of a CNS, cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
9. Dekompressionnaja (kessonnaja) illness- the illness connected to infringement of deducing from an organism of free nitrogen at fast downstroke of atmospheric pressure, showing development of a gas embolism and an ischemia of an internals.

the General pathological value

Change of pressure of gases in environment can render pathogenic influence on an organism of the person. Pathological changes in an organism at hypo-and giperbarii arise after an attrition of protective - adaptive reactions of an organism and show formation of pathological reactions (an anoxemia, a hyperoxia, hypo-and a hypercapnia) which underlie development of pathological processes (a hypoxia, an acidosis, an alkalosis, a gas embolism) and morbid conditions (a nitrogenous venenating, an oxygen poisoning, dekompressionnaja and nitrogenous illnesses). Speed of offensive of pathological changes in organs and tissues of an organism at a hypobarium and giperbarii, and also a level of reaction of acclimatization to change of barometric pressure is determined by phylogenetic and ontogenetic features of a reactivity of an organism. Laws of acclimatization of an organism to a hypobarium and giperbarii are universal and identical at morbid action on an organism and other environmental factors.

Educational elements

I. A hypobarium. Leading pathogenic factors

• - a hypoxia
• - an acapnia
• - a gas embolism
• - a barotrauma

II. Mechanisms of development of a hypoxia at a hypobarium ("high-altitude" illness)

• - a hypobaric hypoxic hypoxia
• downstroke pO₂in inhaled air
• an anoxemia
• an air hunger of cells of organs and tissues

III. The mechanism of development of an acapnia at a hypobarium ("high-altitude" illness)

• - downstroke pCO₂in an arterial blood
• downstroke pO₂in a blood and tissues
• a boring of chemoceptors of pots and respiratory neurones
• augmentation of a respiration rate
• increased deducing CO₂from an organism
• development of a gas alkalosis

IV. Mechanisms of development of a gas embolism at a hypobarium

• - fast dropping of barometric pressure (dekompressionnaja, a caisson disease)
• infringement of deducing of nitrogen from an organism
• accumulation of nitrogen in a blood
• formation of gas emboluses
• an ischemia and a hypoxia of organs and tissues

V. Mechanisms of development of a barotrauma at a hypobarium

• - infringement of dynamic equilibrium between atmospheric pressure and to pressure in lumens and hollow organs of an organism at fast downstroke of atmospheric pressure
• mechanical damage of organs and tissues

VI. Hyperbarium. Leading pathogenic factors

• - a nitrogenous venenating
• - an oxygen poisoning
• acute
• chronic
• - a hypercapnia
• - a barotrauma

VII. Mechanisms of development of a nitrogenous venenating (" deep illness ")

• - rising of solubility of nitrogen in a lipide environment of membranes of neurones of a brain in conditions giperbarii
• oppression of activity of inhibitory neurons (euphoria)
• rising of activity of inhibitory neurons (depression, a narcosis)

VIII. The mechanism of development of an oxygen poisoning at giperbarii

• - augmentation of formation of aggressive forms of Oxygenium and hydroperoxides of lipids
• - an attrition of system of antioxidant protection of cells
• - damage of neurones of a brain
• epileptiform cramps (the acute form of a venenating)
• - damage surfaktantnoj systems mild
• a bronchopneumonia (the chronic form of a venenating)

IX. The mechanism of development of a hypercapnia in conditions giperbarii

• - rising pCO₂in inhaled air

X. The mechanism of development of a barotrauma at giperbarii

• - infringement of dynamic equilibrium between atmospheric pressure and pressure in lumens and hollow organs of an organism at fast rising atmospheric pressure
• mechanical damage of organs and tissues

XI. Protective - adaptive reactions at hypo-and giperbarii

XII. Phylogenetic and ontogenetic aspects of acclimatization of an organism

Uchebno-research work of students (UIRS)

Experience 1. Action on the mouse of the lowered atmospheric pressure

The adult mouse, a rat and a frog place under a cap of device Komovskogo. Mark the general state of animals, count up a respiration rate, determine colouring integuments at the mouse and a rat. At rise of animals on height of 8-9 kms (i.e. downstroke under a cap of barometric pressure) through everyone of 2 kms mark change of behaviour of animals (cramp), respiration, colouring of integuments that is observed frequently at height of 5-6 kms. At development of cramps at one of animals barometric pressure under a cap recover, preventing destruction of animals.

Experience 2. A role of partial pressure of Oxygenium (pO₂) in development of high-altitude (mountain) illness

The adult mouse place under a cap of device Komovskogo. Ventilate the chamber with Oxygenium from an oxygen cushion after that start to lower barometric pressure on procedure of the first experience before development of cramps which educe at the greater height (7-9 kms). Compare the received results to the data of the first experience and will wear out them in the table.

have developed

Experiences	Height, on which pathological changes (cramps, distress of respiration)
Action of the lowered barometric pressure on the mouse a rat a frog
A role pO2in development of a hypobaropathy the mouse

Pathophysiological problems

the Problem 1.the Long presence in conditions of hypo-or giperbarii results in development of pathological reactions (an anoxemia, an acapnia, a hyperoxia, a hypercapnia, the increased partial pressure of nitrogen in tissues) which underlie development of such morbid conditions as "high-altitude", "mountain", "deep", dekompressionnaja illnesses and barotraumas.

1. Name leading pathogenic factors in hypobaric conditions.

2. Open neurohumoral mechanisms of damaging action on an organism of hypobaric factors.

3. Name leading pathogenic factors in hyperbaric conditions.

4. Open neurohumoral mechanisms of damaging action on an organism of hyperbaric factors.

the Problem 2.the Animals living at the lowest steps evolutionary development (frog), are steadier against action of a hypobarium, than the animals who are taking place at higher steps evolutionary development (mouse) in result of genetical fixed reactivity of an organism. During an ontogenesis genetical programmed changes of functional systems of an organism, organs and tissues will influence also acclimatization to a hypobarium.

1. Explain value of phylogenetic and ontogenetic features of a reactivity of an organism in a pathology (by the example of hypo-and a hypobarium).

In conditions of a hypobarium there is a downstroke pO₂in inhaled air which results in development of an anoxemia and a hypoxia. In conditions of a hypoxia there is an accumulation in an organism of toxic products (Sodium lactatum, a pyruvate, free radicals), capable to damage cells, especially nervous system. Formation ATF that results in infringement of all energy-dependent processes and infringement of functions of cells, organs and tissues is simultaneously reduced. Neurones of a brain are most sensitive to a hypoxia. It provides faster in comparison with other cells infringement of functions of a CNS, development of cramps, losses of consciousness and finally destructions of an organism because of a lesion sosudodvigatelnogo and respiratory centers. The most sensitive to action of a hypoxia are filogeneticheski more young animals (mouse) whereas filogeneticheski more ancient (frog) are steadier against a hypoxia. It is connected to smaller dependence of the metabolic processes proceeding in tissues of a frog, on the maintenance of Oxygenium in environment. The big fastness of a neonatal rat to a hypoxia speaks a underdevelopment at him the systems responsible for recycling of Oxygenium in a cell.

Conclusions

1. Fastness of an organism to a hypoxia is determined by dependence of his metabolic processes on the maintenance of Oxygenium in the environment generated during evolution and an ontogenesis.
2. the Preliminary saturation of an organism Oxygenium interferes with development of an air hunger in hypobaric conditions.

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Keywords: a hypoxia, a hyperoxia, hyperbarium, a hypobarium, universal pathogenic factors, Oxygenium, pressure, kesonnaja illness

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