Main :: Abstracts :: Psychiatry :: Links
: Forum :: Guest book

Keywords: a pathogeny, cause and effect attitudes in a pathogeny, physiopathology, pathological physiology, an etiology, a nosology, parts of a pathogeny

the General pathogeny. A boring and damage as an initial part in mechanisms of development of pathological processes. A role of a reactivity of an organism in a pathology

Key concepts

1. the Pathogeny (pathos - illness, suffering; genesis - a parentage, a birth) - mechanisms of disease.
2. the Leading part in the general pathogeny - the determinate (determining) mechanism of disease.
3. Cause and effect attitudes in a pathogeny - consecutive series of mechanisms of illness in which each pathological phenomenon in relation to previous is consequence, and in relation to the subsequent the cause. The relationship of cause and effect is one of forms of exhibiting of overall universal connection in a pathology.
4. the Vicious circle in a pathogeny - the closed cycle of pathological processes formed by a principle of cause and effect attitudes.
5. Direct action of the etiological factor - immediate action of an extreme irritant on an organism.
6. the Reflex effect of the etiological factor - action of an extreme irritant on an organism, mediated through receptors of nervous system.
7. Aboriginal reactions damages (localization) - the restriction of the morbid phenomena connected to specificity of reflexogenic regions, their selectivity and a reactivity.
8. the General reactions damages (generalization) - the diffusion of the morbid phenomena connected to infringement of the general reactivity.

the General pathological value

The general pathogeny of illnesses represents universal mechanisms of infringement of vital activity at different levels of integration of an organism (molecular, cellular, histic, organ and a level of an integrated organism).

Infringement of functions of various organs descends on the general mechanisms irrespective of the form of illness. So, the pneumonia, nephroses, a myocardium, joints, etc. is characterized by the sample mechanism of " destructive process " (I.M.Setchenov) in organs and tissues and concerns to nonspecific infringements. However nonspecific mechanisms of development of illnesses show distresses of specific functions of cells and organs, for example, a brain, heart, nephroses, a liver, etc.

the Pathogeny as the pathological automatically adjusting system reflects the general laws of development of biological processes in the new level which is not providing conservation of a homeostasis.

The boring of receptors of reflexogenic regions and damage of cells reacts as a starting part of the general pathogeny.

Through neuroceptors the etiological factor renders the mediated (reflex) action, shaping the pathological jerks including participation of a CNS, vegetative nervous and endocrine system, changes a metabolism, frame and function of a cell. Through cellular receptors the etiological factor at once renders direct action on a cell.

In the general pathogeny distinguish neurohumoral, metabolic, pathoimmune and genetical mechanisms. At the same time each illness has leading part of a pathogeny, for example, an arterial hypertension at an idiopathic hypertensia, relative or absolute failure of a coronary circulation at ischemic illness of heart, an oligemia and a hypoxia at a hemorrhagic shock.

Aboriginal and general exhibitings of illness are in the mutuality describing close connection of "aboriginal" (damage) and "general" (a reactivity of an organism).

Products of a boring and damage of cells become mediators in formation of the chain pathological reactions arising by a principle of cause and effect attitudes and creating so-called vicious circles in the general pathogeny.

Educational elements

I. The general pathogeny as pathological automatically adjusting system of vital activity at different levels of integration of an organism

Levels of damage: submolecular, molecular, subcellular, cellular, organ - histic, a level of an integrated organism

Unity of functional and structural changes in a pathogeny

Protective, compensator and regenerative functions of an organism

II. Value of receptors in a pathology

- classification of receptors

Neuroceptors - a reflex effect of the etiological factor cellular, endocellular receptors - direct action of the etiological factor

- receptor associations, reflexogenic regions

Exteroceptive reflexogenic regions

Interoceptive reflexogenic regions

Proprioceptive reflexogenic regions

- value of the basic properties of receptors in a pathogeny

- value of specificity of receptors (mehano-, hemo-, termo-, etc.)

- value of selectivity of receptors, " hiluses of illness "

One irritant - different phylums of pathological reactions

One irritant - one phylum of pathological reactions

Different irritants - one phylum of pathological reactions

- value of a reactivity of receptors (a hyper-, normo-, a hyporeactivity, an adynamia, acclimatization of receptors)

III. Neurogenic mechanisms of disease

- psychosomatic mechanisms of illnesses (I.P.Paul): corticovisceral and vegeto-visceral parts of the general pathogeny

- nervous dystrophias

- reflex

- afferent

- centrogenic

- efferent parts

- pathological jerk and his role in the general pathogeny

IV. Humoral mechanisms of disease

- receptors (cellular, endocellular - Direct action of the etiological factor)

- a pathophysiological role of Hormonums, hormonoids, enzymes, BAV, mediators (initial, secondary), neuromediators in the general mechanisms of development of pathological processes

V. Metabolic (molecular) mechanisms of diseases

• infringement of biopower processes as the effector mechanism of development of diseases
• development of autotoxic processes as a part in the general pathogeny
• change of balance about and antioxidant systems of an organism
• a role of free radicals in development of pathological processes
• infringement of biosynthetic processes in an organism

VI. Pathoimmune mechanisms of diseases

• a role of an immunodeficiencyy in the general pathogeny
• failure of systems of a nonspecific resistance
• a role of allergic and autoallergic reactions in the general pathogeny

VII. Genetical mechanisms of diseases

• not ancestral diseases
• not ancestral predisposition (synthesis of protein with the changed reactivity in a genome)
• features of a reactivity of barrier systems (a skin, mucous...)
• a mutagenesis: genetical, fermental, receptor and metabolic trochleas in sex cells
• ancestral diseases
• congenital illnesses
• chromosomal illnesses
• mutations of somatic cells
• a pathology of intra-uterine development (fetopathy)

Uchebno-research work of students

Experience 1. Reactions of an animal to endarterial and intravenous introduction of a hypertonic salt solution of Sodium chloridum

A blood pressure at the rabbit measure in a femoral arteria by a direct method with the help of an electromanometer and record on potentiometer ΚΡΟ-4.

Record initial arterial pressure, mark the general state of an animal. Then into a femoral arteria introduce hypertonic 20 % solution of Sodium chloridum at the rate of 1 ml of/kg of mass, mark the general reaction of an animal and rising of arterial pressure. After regeneration of arterial pressure up to an initial level to the rabbit introduce the same solution in the same volume into a regional vein of an ear and again mark change of the general state of an animal and falling of arterial pressure.

The hypertonic salt solution of Sodium chloridum should be introduced quickly, approximately within 5 seconds, on a direction to heart as at an intravenous injection.

On the electron device the teacher shows rising and downstroke of arterial pressure in reply to the electrical stimulant modelling endarterial and intravenous introduction of a hypertonic salt solution of Sodium chloridum to an animal.

The received data of dynamics of arterial pressure compare and enter in the minutes as the schedule.

Pathophysiological problems

the Pathophysiological problem 1.

At endarterial introduction of a hypertonic salt solution of Sodium chloridum (20 % solution) arises response as sharp rising a blood pressure and the general exaltation of an animal. At intravenous introduction the inverse result is observed: downstroke of a blood pressure and a motor performance of an animal.

As it is possible to explain development of different reaction of an organism on action of the same extreme irritant?

the Pathophysiological problem 2.

The extreme irritant at action on an organism renders stimulating and damaging action on a path of the direct and-or mediated reflex influence on cellular - histic systems.

1. Open interrelation of aboriginal and general reactions of an organism on influence of an extreme irritant.
2. Characterize factors which result in localization and diffusion of the morbid phenomena.

To discuss a material at a forum of a site

Keywords: a pathogeny, cause and effect attitudes in a pathogeny, physiopathology, pathological physiology, an etiology, a nosology, parts of a pathogeny

Main | Abstracts, compositions, lectures | Psychiatry | Links
Forum | Guest book