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Keywords: physiopathology, modelling, introduction in pathological physiology, a subject, key concepts, the basic terms, methods

the Subject, problems and methods of physiopathology. Value of experimental modelling of pathological processes in knowledge of the basic laws and mechanisms of development and an outcome of disease

Key concepts

1. Pathological physiology (pathos - illness, suffering; logos - the doctrine, a science; physis - the nature, a parentage) - a science about the nature of a parentage of illnesses; about the general laws of originating, development and an outcome of diseases (mechanisms of disease and convalescence); physiology of a sick organism.
2. Biological modelling- artificial procreation of disease processes in an animal organism (in a cell, an organ, an organism as a whole).
3. Pathological reaction (pathos - suffering, illness; re - against, actio - action) - elementary reaction of an organism to the extreme irritant being in some cases a sign of illness.
4. Pathological processis a set of the pathological and protective - adaptive reactions arising in reply to damaging action of the pathogenic factor.
5. Pathological function (pathos - suffering, illness; functio - activity) is a distress of function of a cell, a tissue, an organ, system and vital activity of an organism.
6. Pathological jerk (pathos - suffering, illness; eflexus - reflected) - infringement of functional activity of organs, tissues or the systems, exercised at participation of a CNS in reply to a pathogenic boring of receptors and showing pathological reactions of an organism.
7. the Morbid condition (status pathulogicus) - a nonperishable deflection of functions of an organism from the norm, torpently streaming pathological process or consequence before the transferred pathological process.
8. Illness (morbus) is the integration of pathological processes described by restriction of the protective - adaptive phenomena and dropping of a working capacity of the person.
9. Experimental therapy- treatment, which principles are developed in experiment on the basis of disclosing new laws of an etiology, a pathogeny and a sanogenesis of the morbid phenomena.

the General pathological value

The physiopathology as fundamental science and a subject matter studies the general laws determining originating, flow and an outcome of the disease, opens scientific bases of an etiology, a pathogeny and a sanogenesis. A diversification of arising infringements of vital activity of cells, organs and systems depends on force and quality of an extreme irritant, conditions and a reactivity of an organism.

The founder of domestic physiopathology as V.V.Pashutin's independent discipline considered, that the physiopathology is philosophy of medicine. It plays the leading part in struggle against unscientific concepts in the general pathology. A methodological basis of a subject is the method of dialectic materialism. From dialektiko-materialistic positions the physiopathology opens scientific bases of a parentage of disease, the diagnosis and convalescence (construction of the theory of medicine), develops models of the pathological phenomena, principles (symptomatic, etiological, pathogenetic, sanogenetic) experimental therapy. Methodological principles of physiopathology are the principle of a biosocial determinism, principles of unity of analysis and synthesis, an organism and an external environment, frame and function, the theory and practice, a principle of a relative pathology.

For studying the broken functions various methods of research are used: experimental - pathophysiological (electrophysiological, biophysical, pathochemical, immunological), kliniko-pathophysiological (laboratory, a method of functional trials), statistical, etc. The Important place in studying a pathology of the person borrows experiment. He includes modelling the pathological phenomena at various levels of integration of an organism (molecular, cellular, histic, organ, systemic, a level of an integrated organism), dilates an opportunity of knowledge of nature of pathological process, promotes formation at the doctor of clinical intellection, to skill to use clinical knowledge in the decision of questions of the diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of various diseases. The pathological physiology is closely connected to other medicobiological and medical disciplines. The physiopathology is a theoretical basis of clinical medicine.

Educational elements

I. Pathological physiology as fundamental science and a subject matter

• definition of concept of physiopathology
• physiopathology as a theoretical basis of clinical medicine

II. The basic concepts of the morbid phenomena

• pathological reaction
• pathological process
• pathological function
• pathological jerk
• a morbid condition
• illness

III. Problems of pathological physiology

• disclosing of scientific bases of the diagnosis, a pathogeny and a sanogenesis - construction of the theory of medicine
• development of experimental models of pathological processes
• experimental development of principles of treatment and prophylaxis of diseases

IV. Methodological principles of physiopathology

• dialectic materialism - a methodological basis of physiopathology
• a principle of a biosocial determinism
• a principle of unity of analysis and synthesis; a principle of a nervosism (I.P.Pavlov)
• a principle of unity of an organism and an external environment (I.M.Sechenov)
• a principle of unity of frame and function
• a principle of a relative pathology (I.I.Mechnikov)
• a principle of unity of the theory and practice

V. Methodical principles of physiopathology - modelling: his kinds

• biological modelling: acute and chronic experiment on an animal,
• technical modelling,
• mathematical modelling

VI. Methods of research in physiopathology

• experimental - pathophysiological: electrophysiological, biophysical, pathochemical, immunological
• kliniko-pathophysiological: laboratory, a method of functional trials
• statistical

VII. Experimental therapy as the important method of studying of diseases and development of new means of treatment

VIII. The basic historical stages of development of physiopathology

• clinical (A.M.Filomafitsky, M.J.Mudrov)
• morphological (A.I.Polunin, R.Virhov)
• experimental (V.V.Pashutin, K.Bernard, I.M.Setchenov, I.P.Paul)
• kliniko-experimental (S.P.Botkin, I.P.Paul, A.A.Bogomolets)

IX. Critical analysis of some modern concepts of the general nosology: neogippokratizm, existentialism, holizm

Discussion of results:

Development of a sinus tachycardia in conditions of a hyperthermia is connected to augmentation of rate of the slow diastolic depolarization caused by an acceleration of a calcium and sodic current in a cardiomyocyt. The hypothermia reduces rate of slow diastolic depolarization due to decrease of a permeability of membranous canals of a cardiomyocyt for ions of calcium and a sodium that invokes decrease of frequency of cardiac reductions - a sinus bradycardia.

Conclusions on a theme:

1. Mechanisms of development of a sinus tachycardia are caused by augmentation of rate of slow diastolic depolarization owing to an acceleration of an input of ions of calcium and a sodium in a cardiomyocyt.
2. the Sinus bradycardia educes at decrease of rate of slow diastolic depolarization and downstroke of a permeability of membranous canals for ions of calcium and a sodium.

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Keywords: physiopathology, modelling, introduction in pathological physiology, a subject, key concepts, the basic terms, methods

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