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Keywords: hygiene, lecture, introduction in hygiene, health, the population, a science environmental, medium, pollution, environmental, acclimatization

INTRODUCTION IN HYGIENE

Hygiene- a science about health of the population.

Exists about 100 scientific definitions of health. Even in an antiquity was considered, that health - concept not onevalued. So, for example, Ibn Sina (Avicenna) considered, that there are 6 steps of health.

Health (CART)- a condition of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just absence of illnesses or illnesses.

This definition, certainly, is that definition which speaks about health as about something theoretical. Clearly, that healthy people by this definition are not present. Therefore people which are approached to this ideal, are considered healthy though, actually, they are rather healthy.

The problem of health is very actual. Now healthy schoolboys - 5-7 %. In army can be called on a state of health less than 50 % of young men (at superficial methods of research).

Now 2 more definitions of health.

Health (P. Minare) - ability of an individual optimally to function in an environment (acclimatization to an environment).

Health (N.P.Amosov) - the sum of adaptable opportunities of an organism.

Acclimatization- ability of the device to conditions of external and internal medium of an organism.

Acclimatization happens genotypical and phenotypical.

Genotypical acclimatization- those potential opportunities of the person which are determined by genetic frame of an organism. These opportunities are enormous. The person almost on all indexs has 10-50 aliquot reserve.

Phenotypical acclimatizationdevelops since a birth. Represents adaptable mechanisms which are shaped during all life. It it is possible and it is necessary to develop.

Also there are two-dimensional mechanisms of acclimatization.

the Place of hygiene in preparation of the doctor.

The medical science is very various. Among preventive disciplines conducting place is borrowed with hygiene which develops measures of prophylaxis of diseases and infringements. Hygiene aspires to lower negative factors and to raise positive. Hygiene leans and medicobiological disciplines and interreacts with clinical.

The ultimate goal of hygiene (Parks) - to make development of the person by the most perfect, life of more high-grade, decline by the least fast, and mors - more remote.

The role of hygiene (Zaharjin) - formation at the doctor of a hygienic way of thinking - ability to position relationships of cause and effect and to attack not only an organism, but also on the reason causing those or other infringements.

From second half XX blepharon intensively there is a urbanization and industrialization. As a result of it there is an enormous pollution of an atmosphere, hydrosphere, a litosphere. In many (especially advanced countries) the environment renders huge harm to health. The USA has 6 % from the population of Globe, and exhausts make 50 %.

In Rome in 1968 scientists - ecologists have frameed so-called " the Roman club " - the ecological organization against environmental. They have formulated 5 limits of body height of mankind which, finally, can bring to ruin all population. Conducting limits:

1. environmental;
2. a heavy use of irreplaceable products;
3. intensive body height of the population.

Influence of adverse conditions on health of the population.

1. At pollution of an environment general resistance of an organism drops, the immune status worsens.

2. On a background of downstroke of resistance the general case rate grows. Hence body height of pollution is accompanied by body height of a case rate.

1) the General case rate is taped by mass inspections of the population and by prophylactic medical examination of the population.

2) the Case rate with time disability (a recorded case rate) - a case rate on negotiability - not so exact. Amount of cases on 100 person in one year. Low - up to 50, center - 50-100, high - more than 100.

3) the Professional case rate is connected to a trade, production - testifies to trouble within the limits of production. In an ideal of it should not be.

If to analyse all case rate of the population of our country, on 1-st place on frequency - diseases of organs of respiration, on 2-nd - illnesses of nervous system and sense organs, on 3-rd - a pathology of a circulation, 4 place - infections and parasitogenic diseases, 5 - diseases of organs of digestion.

3. Body height of specific diseases and poisonings (professional). Are connected to a concrete contaminant. Illnesses from new technologies. First - dust, then - chemical pollution. Now - modern physical factors.

4. Body height malignant neoplasms. Frequency of a cancer mild especially recently has increased. It is connected to environmental and with smoking. Occurrence of tumours is influenced also with power supply, work, a level of pollution by a radon.

5. Influence of toxic factors of small intensity.

Toxic factors of small intensity attack an organism in the doses close to admitted norms. However as practically in all countries air denaturated - this problem costs is very acute. All infringement proceed wavy. It is possible to bleed various stages.

1) a stage of subjective infringements - some unpleasant sensations. An example: in district of factory SK people felt off-flavour, complained of a giddiness, a nausea - further was found out, that it is connected to production which was let out with a factory.

2) a stage of "acclimatization". In this case the question is false acclimatization. It not that acclimatization which conducts to rising a level of health. In this case there is an accustoming to a constant intoxication, tolerance of an organism to action of a toxin increases.

3) the stage of objective infringements is characterized by display of clinical signs of an intoxication

4) either a nonprofessional case rate, or an aftertreatment (at cancellation of negative factors).

Principles of prophylaxis:

1. Optimization of conditions of an environment: use of modern technologies, gardening, salvaging of harmful waste products, hygienic normalization of harmful factors.
2. Conservation and rising of adaptable opportunities of an organism: conformity of a social rhythm biological, a duty and rest, a balanced diet, a tempering, exception of harmful habits.

Methods of research

1. Research of an environment.
2. Research of groups of the population.

On the basis of 1+2 - mathematical modelling and scientific forecasting on the basis of computer technologies and hygienic monitoring - system of methods on studying factors of an environment in dynamics - the analysis of various mediums and groups of the population - studying of health of the population. The above a level of pollution of an environment, the above a level of a case rate of adults and, especially, children.

the Evaluation of efficiency of hygienic actions.

Efficiency can be appreciated on series of indexs:

1. Demographic indexs - are the easiest for studying them. To them carry birth rate, a mortality, an infantile mortality, a natural increase of the population, center life expectancy.
2. the General case rate.
3. the Case rate with time disability:
   • number of cases of diseases on 100 working;
   • number of days of disability on 100 working;
   • center duration of one case of disease.
4. Health of survey samples of the population.
5. Prophylaxis of a case rate.

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Keywords: hygiene, lecture, introduction in hygiene, health, the population, a science environmental, medium, pollution, environmental, acclimatization

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