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Keywords: cranial nerves, cranial nerves, a steam, 12 steam, a neurology, nervous illnesses, the neurologic status, olfactory, visual, oculomotor, blokovoj, trigeminal, allocating, facial, predverno-cochlear, glossopharyngeal, wandering, additional, sublingual, nerves
CRANIAL NERVES
the General characteristic of cranial nerves
the Circuit of an impellent way of cranial nerves
the First motor-neurone in the bottom part of a forward central gyrus of a bark of a brain
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Tractus corticospinalis
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The second motor-neurone in nucleus of a brainstem
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Innervation of striated muscles the Circuit of a sensitive way of cranial nerves
Receptors
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The first neurone in a nerve ganglion
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The second neurone in nucleus of a brainstem
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The third neurone in a thalamus
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Back third of back leg of an internal capsule
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The bottom departments of a back central gyrus Features kortikonuklearnyh ways
1) To nucleus 3,4,5,6,9,10,11 steam of cranial nerves kortikonuklearnyj the way makes an incomplete decussation
2) To nucleus 7 and 12 steam of cranial nerves kortikonuklearnyj the way makes a complete decussation
the First a steam of cranial nerves N. olfactorius (an olfactory nerve)the Way of an olfactory nerve
the Top department of a mucosa of a nose (1 neurone of a way)
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Filae olfactoriae (olfactory strings)
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Through lamina cribrosa in a cavity of a skull
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Bulbus olfactorius (an olfactory bulb) on the basis of a brain (2 neurone of a way)
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Tractus olfactorius (the olfactory path) on the basis of a frontal lobe, has connections with both hemispheres of a brain
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Initial olfactory centers (3 neurone of a way) - trigonum olfactorium substantia perforata anterior et septum pellucidum.
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Cortex olfactory centers in the field of a gyrus of a hippocampus (4 neurone of a way).
Research of an olfactionIs researched separate (each nostril) perception and difference from each other the odorous substances having a weak smell (mint, Mentholum, Valeriana, camphor oil and so forth)
Infringements of an olfaction:
the Hyposmia (sometimes with downstroke of appetite) - downstroke of an acuteness of an olfaction.
the Hyperosmia- rising of an acuteness of an olfaction.
the Dysosmia- a distortion of an olfaction.
Anosmija- absence of an olfaction (at serious, extensive defeats of a brain).
Olfactory hallucinations (at a boring of a temporal share in the field of a gyrus of a hippocampus)
At defeatis higherthan an olfactory path because of bilateral cortex representation of change of an olfaction practically are not determined.
At defeatis lowerthan an olfactory path develop gomolateralnye anosmii
the Second a steam of cranial nerves N. opticus (optic nerve)
the Way of the visual analyzer
the Receptor device of a retina of an eye (medial half of retina perceive a boring from an external part of a field of vision, lateralnye half of retina perceive a boring from an internal part of a field of vision)
1) Cones - settle down, basically, in the field of a macula lutea and provide color vision.
2) Rods - settle down, basically, in peripheric areas of a retina and provide black-and-white vision.
3) Ganglionic cells of a retina (the first neurone of a way of the visual analyzer)
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Optic nerve
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Foramen opticum (the optic nerve gets in a cavity of a skull and passes on the basis of a brain)
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Chiasma nervorum opticum (a decussation ahead from a turkish saddle) - internal fibers are crossed only (from medial half of retina), external fibers go neperekreshchennymi.
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Tractus opticus (the visual path) - contains fibers from gomolateralnyh half of retina of both sides (an external half of retina of the side and an internal half of retina of the opposite side)
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Initial visual centers in top holmikah (2 neurone)
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External geniculate bodies and pillow visual bugra (3 neurone, thalamic)
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Radiatio optica (visual radiance) - central visual fascicle Gratsiole (In the top parts of visual radiance pass fibers from top kvadranta the retinas projected in area above shpornoj by a sulcus - cuneus. In the bottom parts of visual radiance pass fibers from bottom kvadranta the retinas projected in gyrus lingualis from top to bottom from shpornoj of a sulcus)
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Back leg of an internal capsule
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Internal surface of an occipital share around shpornoj sulcuses (cortex center of vision) - accept the information from the same half of retinas of both eyes
the Reflex arch of a pupillary reflex
the Retina of an eye
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Afferent way up to top holmikov (in structure of an optic nerve)
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Inserted neurones (fibers to parasympatic nucleus of the and opposite side)
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Yakubovich - Edingera-Vestfalja parasympatic nucleus of both sides
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Efferentnyj a way to a sphincter of a pupil (in structure of a third cranial nerve)
Research of the visual analyzer
Visual acuity
the Color perception
the Field of vision (are determined for each eye separately)
outside - 90 degrees
knutri - 60 degrees
from top to bottom - 70 degrees
up - 60 degrees
Defeat of the visual analyzer
the Amblyopia- downstroke of visual acuity.
the Amaurosis- loss of visual acuity
Concentric narrowing of a field of vision- narrowing of a field of vision from different directions
the Scotoma- abaissement of separate sites of a field of vision
Gomonimnaja a hemianopsia- abaissement of the same half of field of vision of each eye
Kvadrantnaja gomonimnaja a hemianopsia- abaissement kvadrantov a visual field (top or bottom) Geteronimnaja a hemianopsia - abaissement of heteronymic half of field of vision (internal or external).
Bitemporal- abaissement external, temporal a field of vision.
Binazalnaja- abaissement internal a field of vision.
the Third steam of cranial nerves N. oculomotorius (third cranial nerve)
the Way of a third cranial nerve
Nucleus of a third cranial nerve settle down in the field of a mesencephalon, along a waterpipe and at a level top holmikov.
Fibers of a third cranial nerve will penetrate into a cavity of an orbit through the top orbital cleft together with the fourth, sixth steams of cranial nerves and the top branch the fifth steams of cranial nerves.
Nucleus of a third cranial nerve
Macrocellular nucleus (provides an innervation of a cross-section - striatal musculation of eyes). Provide turn of an eyeglobe knutri, upwards and in part downwards, are responsible for convergence tests and lift a upper eyelid.
Melkokletochnye nucleus (Yakubovich - Edingera-Vestfalja additional nucleus). Provide a parasympatic innervation of the muscle narrowing a pupil.
Unpaired parasympatic nucleus Perlia (innerviruet m. ņiliaris). Provides an accommodation.
Features of defeats of a third cranial nerve
Defeat of macrocellular nucleus
the Missing strabismus - the eyeglobe is revolved knaruzhi and downwards. It is accompanied by infringement of a convergence, a solid vision and diplopiej (doubling in eyes) at a view aside a healthy eye
Ekzoftalm - prevalence of a tone m.orbitalis, the eye "will stand" from an orbit
the Ptosis - a paralysis m.levator palpebrae, a blepharoptosis
Defeat of parasympatic nucleus
the Mydriasis - functional prevalence m. dilatator pupillae at a paralysis of the muscle narrowing a pupil, a mydriasis
Infringement of an accommodation (a paralysis of an accommodation) - a paralysis m. ciliaris, infringement change of curvature of a lens.
Infringement of reaction of a pupil on light
the Fourth steam of cranial nerves N. trochlearis (blokovyj a nerve)
the Way blokovogo a nerve
the Nucleus blokovogo a nerve settles down at a level bottom holmikov at a bottom of a waterpipe.
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The fibers which are starting with a nucleus of a nerve, follow top making a complete decussation in a forward cerebral sail.
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Further fibers leave a cavity of a skull through the top orbital cleft and innervirujut a muscle providing turn of an eyeglobe downwards and knaruzhi
Features of defeat blokovogo a nerve
the mild converging strabismus with turn of an eyeglobe upwards and knutri, accompanying diplopiej (doubling in eyes) Is marked at a view aside the struck muscle (at a view downwards).
the Fifth steam of cranial nerves N. trigeminus (a trigeminal nerve)
Branches of a trigeminal nerve
1) n.ophthalmicus- the sensitive nerve providing an innervation top third party.
2) n.maxillaris- the sensitive nerve providing an innervation by average of the third party.
3) n.mandibularis- the mixed nerve providing a sensitive innervation bottom third party and the impellent innervation of a chewing musculation.
In structure of the fibers the trigeminal nerve provides as a vegetative innervation of the person.
the Sensitive way of a trigeminal nerve
the Receptor
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Trigeminal (Gasserov) unit on a forward surface of a pyramid of a temporal bone (1 neurone of a sensitive way of a trigeminal nerve)
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Root of a trigeminal nerve (fibers in the field of an average third of bridge get in a brainstem)
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The second neurone of a sensitive way of a trigeminal nerve
1) N.terminalis (a nucleus of a way of deep sensitivity)
2) N.spinalis nirvi trigemini (a nucleus of a way of superficial sensitivity)
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Lemniscus tregiminalis (it is bridged to a medial loop)
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Thalamus (3 neurone of a sensitive way of a trigeminal nerve)
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Back third of back leg of an internal capsule
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The bottom third of back central gyrus
the Impellent way of a trigeminal nerve
the First neurone of an impellent way of a trigeminal nerve settles down in a bark of the big hemispheres (the bottom third of forward central gyrus)
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Tractus corticonuclearis (fibers make an incomplete decussation)
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N.motorius dorsalnogo a department of the bridge of a brain (2 neurone of a way)
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Radix motorius, adjoining to radix sensorius a trigeminal nerve (minuja the trigeminal ganglion, forms together with sensitive fibers the fifth steams of cranial nerves n.mandibularis)
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Innervation of a chewing musculation
the Sixth steam of cranial nerves N. abducens (an allocating nerve)
the Way of an allocating nerve
the Nucleus of an allocating nerve settles down at a bottom of the fourth ventricle in area dorsalnogo a department of the bridge of a brain.
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Fibers of a nerve leave in area mostomozzhechkovogo an angle, through the top orbital cleft leaves a cavity of a skull.
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Provides abduction of an eyeglobe knaruzhi
Features of defeat of an allocating nerve
Infringement funktsiii an allocating nerve it is shown by the expressed converging strabismus and diplopiej, revealed at a view aside the struck muscle (knaruzhi)
the Seventh steam of cranial nerves N. facialis (a facial nerve)the Way of a facial nerve
the Nucleus of a nerve in the bottom department of the bridge of a brain on border with an oblong brain.
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Fibers go upwards, bend around a nucleus the sixth steams of cranial nerves and form an internal knee n.facialis.
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Leaves area mostomozzhechkovogo an angle together with fibers 5, 6, 8 steam of cranial nerves and is referred through porus acusticus internus to a temporal bone together with 8 and 13 (n.intermedius Wrisbergii) steams of cranial nerves in fallopiev the canal where forms an external knee n.facialis
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Gives three branches
1) N. petrosus major- in his structure go parasympatic slezootdelitelnye the fibers taking place through gaanglion pterigopalatinum and providing an innervation of plaintive Ferri lactas.
2) N. stapedius- in his structure there are fibers, innervirujushchie stremechkovuju a muscle.
3) Chorda tympani- is continuation n.intermedius Wrisbergii, passes through ganglion submandibulare and in structure n.lingualis provides an innervation of sialadens (sublingual and submandibular) and taste on forward two thirds of tongue.
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Leaves a cavity of a skull through foramen stylomastoideum and, penetrating okoloushnuju a sialaden, forms " a goose paw ". Provides an innervation of a mimic musculation, muscles of an auricle and a hypodermic muscle of a neck.
the Eighth steam of cranial nerves N. vestibulocochlearis (eighth cranial nerve)
(Cochlea) and an organ of equilibrium (the vestibular device) provides an innervation of an ear. In his structure distinguish acoustical and vestibular parts of a nerve.
Pars cochlearis (an acoustical way)
Fibers from Kortieva an organ
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Ganglion spirale cochleae in a cochlea of a labyrinth (the first neurone of an acoustical way)
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Through porus acusticus internus fibers of a nerve will penetrate into a cavity of a skull and are referred to nucleus of the bridge of a brain
1) N.cochlearis ventralis (the second neurone of an acoustical way)
2) N.cochlearis dorsalis (the second neurone of an acoustical way)
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Fibers of the second neurones form a trapezoid body, make an incomplete decussation (obrazuju lemniscus lateralis)
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Initial subcortical acoustical centers in the field of bottom holmikov and internal geniculate bodies (the third neurone of an acoustical way)
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Internal capsule
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Corona radiata
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Back department of the top temporal gyrus (gyrus Geshlja) both sides (fourth, cortex neurone of an acoustical way)
Pars vestibularis (a vestibular way)
Ampoules of three semicircular kanaltsev and two webby saccules of a vestibule
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Unit Skarpy at the bottom of internal acoustical passage (the first neurone of a vestibular way)
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N.vestibularis (through internal acoustical passage gets in a cavity of a skull)
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The second neurones of a vestibular way settle down in the field of the fourth ventricle
1) Bekhterev Nucleus - fibers are referred through the bottom leg of a cerebellum to n.fastigii a worm of a cerebellum of the and opposite side.
2) Nucleus Dejtersa - gives rise preddverno-ulitkovo - to a spinal way to forward horns of a spinal cord and a back longitudinal fascicle.
3) Medial and bottom nucleus n.vestibularis - fibers of these nucleus form the central vestibular way referred to a thalamus where the third neurone of a vestibular way and further in parietotemporal area of a bark of a brain settles down.
Research and signs of defeat of an eighth cranial nerve
Research of hearing:
Gipoakuzija - downstroke of hearing
the Hyperacusia - isilenie perceptions of sounds
Deafness - a hearing loss
Research of the vestibular device:
the Giddiness - paroxysmal (arising in the certain positions of a body and a head), systemic (rotation of subjects in the certain direction).
the Nystagmus
Infringement of coordination of movements
the Ninth and tenth steams of cranial nerves N. glossopharingeus et n. vagus (glossopharyngeal and wandering nerves)
Nerves have the general nucleus in a brainstem and provide a sensitive and impellent innervation of a pharynx, a larynx and a soft palate.
Nucleus the ninth steams of cranial nerves
1) Nucleus solitarius - a gustatory nucleus, the general with 10 and 13 steams of cranial nerves
2) Nucleus solivatorius inferior - bottom sljunootdelitelnoe a nucleus
3) Nucleus alae cinereae - a sensitive nucleus, the general with 10 pair cranial nerves
4) Nucleus ambiguus - an impellent nucleus, the general with 10 pair cranial nerves
Own nucleus the tenth steams of cranial nerves
Nucleus dorsalis nervi vagii - provide a parasympatic innervation of internal organs
the General circuit of a gustatory innervation
Gustatory bulbs of tongue
1) Fibers from forward two thirds of tongue (the first neurone in ganglion geniculi) in structure of 13 steams of cranial nerves.
2) Fibers from a back third of tongue
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The first neurone in ganglion superius et inferius in structure of 9 and 10 steam of cranial nerves
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Nucleus solitarius (the second neurone of a way), fibers of the second neurone make a decussation
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Thalamus (the third neurone of a way)
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Back third of back leg of an internal capsule
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Cortex gustatory area and limbic system of both hemispheres.
Research of taste
the Gustatory perception is researched separately on the right and left side jazuka, on forward two thirds and a back third of tongue.
Gipogejzija - downstroke of gustatory perception
Gipergejzija - intensifying of gustatory perception
Agejzija - loss of taste
Gustatory hallucinations and a distortion of gustatory perception at defeat of a bark of a brain and limbic system.
Perception of taste
Sweet - konchik tongue
Acidic - edges of tongue
Bitter - a back third of tongue
Salty - all surface of tongue
the General circuit of an innervation of a salivation
Parasympatic sljunootdelitelnye nucleus (the second neurones)
1) Top sljunootdelitelnoe a nucleus which fibers in structure of 13 steams of cranial nerves together with 7 pair cranial nerves pass in fallopievom the canal, form chorda tympani and in structure n.lingualis follow to sublingual and to submandibular sialadens
2) Bottom sljunootdelitelnoe a nucleus (the second neurones the ninth steams of cranial nerves)
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N.tympanicus
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N.petrosus minor
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Ganglion oticum (the third neurone of a way)
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N auriculo-temporalis
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Innervation okoloushnoj a sialaden
the Sensitive and impellent innervation the ninth and tenth steam of cranial nerves
the Sensitive innervation of a pharynx, a larynx, a trachea and a soft palate.
the Impellent innervation of a pharynx, a larynx, an epiglottis and a soft palate.
Signs of defeat of glossopharyngeal and wandering nerves
Infringement of taste on a back third of tongue.
the Anaesthesia of a larynx, a pharynx, a soft palate on the side of defeat
Downstroke pharyngeal and nebnogo reflexes on the side of defeat
Gomolateralnyj a flaccid paralysis of a soft palate, a deviation uvula in the healthy side
the Nasal shade of a voice
Dryness in a mouth at defeat the ninth steams
the Parasympatic denervation of internal organs on the side of defeat the tenth steams of cranial nerves
the Eleventh steam of cranial nerves N. accessorius (eleventh cranial nerve)
the Way of an eleventh cranial nerve
the Forward central gyrus (the first neurone of a way of an eleventh cranial nerve)
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Corticonuclear way
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Nucleus of the bottom department of an oblong brain down to grey substance of a spinal cord at a level of the first - fifth cervical segment (roots of segments merging in the general trunk go upwards, through foramen magnum act in a cavity of a skull where merge with a bulbar part of a nerve)
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Foramen jugulare
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M.trapezius et m.sternocleidomastoideus (turn of a head, pozhimanie brachiums, the raising of an arm is higher than a horizontal line.
Infringement of function of an eleventh cranial nerve
Difficulty of turn of a head in the healthy side
the Brachium on the struck side is lowered downwards
the Scapula on the struck side departs the bottom angle from a backbone
Labored pozhimanie by brachiums and the raising of an arm is higher than a horizontal line
the Twelfth steam of cranial nerves N. hypoglosseus (hypoglossal nerve)the Way of a hypoglossal nerve
the Forward central gyrus of a bark of the big hemispheres (the first neurone)
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Complete decussation
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The second neurone of a way settles down on an extent from the central department of a bottom of a rhomboidal fossa up to the third cervical segment of a spinal cord
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Roots of a nerve leave between pyramids and olivas of an oblong brain
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The general trunk leaves a cavity of a skull through canalis hypoglosseus
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Nerve the Dysarthtia - vague, braided speech
Anartrija - absence of speech in a combination to infringement of a mastication and a swallowing
Parez half of tongue provides an innervation of muscles of tongue
Research and defeat of a hypoglossal nerve
- at vysovyvanii tongue deviates aside defeats because of prevalence m.genioglosseus the healthy side
the Bulbar and pseudobulbar paralysis
the Bulbar paralysis- a flaccid paralysis developing at defeat the ninth, tenth and twelfth steam of cranial nerves and shown by a dysarthtia, a dysphonia and a dysphagia.
At survey atrophies of tongue, muscles of a larynx and a soft palate, fibrillar twitchings (it is especial in muscles of tongue), downstroke of pharyngeal reflexes and revealing of a reaction of degeneration in muscles of tongue are taped.
the Pseudobulbar paralysis- the central paralysis developing at defeat kortikonuklearnyh of ways the ninth, tenth and twelfth steam of cranial nerves and shown by a dysarthtia, a dysphonia, a dysphagia and pathological pseudobulbar reflexes (oral automatism)
At survey, as against a bulbar paralysis, at a pseudobulbar paralysis does not happen atrophies and fibrillations, there is no reaction of degeneration at carrying out ENMG. The pharyngeal reflex is kept or amplified. The phenomena of violent laughter and crying are observed.
Reflexes of oral automatism
Ladonno-stomatic reflex Marinesko-Radovichi - reduction of muscles of a chin at a shaped boring of a palm
Labial reflex Vjurpa - a diverticulum of labiums at pokolachivanii on a upper lip
Sucking reflex Oppengejma - sucking movements at a shaped boring of labiums
Nazolabialnyj reflex Astvatsaturova - vyrjachivanie labiums hobotkom at pokolachivanii on a bridge
Korneomentalnyj and korneomandibuljarnyj reflexes - reduction of muscles of a chin and movement of a mandible in the opposite side at a touch vatkoj to a cornea
Distans-reflexes (oral) - reduction of labial and mental muscles at approach the person of any subject
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Keywords: cranial nerves, cranial nerves, a steam, 12 steam, a neurology, nervous illnesses, the neurologic status, olfactory, visual, oculomotor, blokovoj, trigeminal, allocating, facial, predverno-cochlear, glossopharyngeal, wandering, additional, sublingual, nerves
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