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Keywords: a heart rate variability, variability of a rhythm, heart, a heart rate variability, HRV, variability, heart, a rhythm, a cardiac rhythm, a regulation, acclimatization, an evaluation of acclimatization, adaptable opportunities, registration, a rithmogram, Baevsky, analysis, variabilities, reduction, a rithmography, human physiology, a stress
Barbarash N.A., Kuvshinov D.J., Tulchinskij M.J., Chichilinko M.V., Barbarash O.L.
CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS of EMOTIONAL STRESSES of YOUTHFUL AGE // Human physiology. 2000. Ò. 26. ¹ 4, With. 140-142.the Kemerovo state medical academy UDC (612.014.5+616003.96053.67
The concept of the stress, built G.Selje more 60 years ago, appeared one of the most interesting in biology, psychology and medicine. In second half XX blepharons new aspects of this problem[Vale W.W.Recipient of the 1994 Hans Selye Award // Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1995. V.771. P. 13.] [Sudakov K.V.New aspects of the classical theory of a stress // the Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine have appeared. 1997. Ò. 123. ¹ 2. With. 124., age features of a stress at the person [Chrousos G.P., Gold P.Introduction // Stress/Basic mechanisms and clinical implication / Eds. G.P. Chrousos et al/N.Y., 1995. P. 15.] in particular are revealed . Educing in last weeks the intra-uterine season and reaching the culmination during labors, the stress and the endocrine alterations caused by him promote acclimatization of neonatal existence to new conditions [Lagercrantz H.Stress, arousal and gene activation at birth // News Physiol. Sci. 1996. V. 11. P. 214.]. In the various seasons of the childhood stress reactions essentially influence a metabolism, immunodefence and physical development [Stratakis C.A., Chrousos G.P.Neuroendocrinology and pathophysiology of the stress system // Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1995. V. 771. P. 1.]. At youthful age at 1/5 - 1/3 pupils superfluous stresses (distress) can be combined with formation harmful habits, bad progress, a leaving from school [Wassef A., Ingham D., Collins M.Z., Mason G.In search of effective programs to adress students emotional distress and behavioral problems // Adolescence. 1995. V. 30. P. 523.] And even with suicides [Marttunen M.J., Henriksson M.M., Aro H.M. et al.Suicid among female adolescents: characteristics and comparison with males in the age group 13 to 22 years // J. Am. Acad. Child Adoles. Psych. 1995. V. 34. ¹ 10. P. 1297.].
Stresses of teenage and youthful age, and also characteristic for these seasons of life style of mastering differ from reactions of adult people [Nasserbakht A., Arauja K., Steiner H.A comparison of adolescent and adult styles defence system // Child. Phych. Hum. Develop. 1996. V. 27. ¹ 1. P. 3.]. At the same time many aspects of stress reactions of persons of youthful age remain obscure. One of such questions are constitutional features of exhibitings of a stress.
At representatives of different constitutions (leptosomic, mesosomic, megalosomic) at absence of essential differences of average cooperative amount of points of stress reactions quantitative features of various subjective and objective, acute and chronic exhibitings of stresses have been revealed, however.
The raised stressful reactions of cardiovascular system showed more frequently at representatives of megalosomic phylums.
Exhibitings stresses - reactions at persons of youthful age depend on many factors, including from constitutional features. Known connection of such reactions with an opportunity of development of a pathology can become a basis for early individual prophylaxis of diseases, in particular, to correction of a mode of life.
Mashin V.A., Mashina M.N.
ANALYSIS of VARIABILITY of the HEART RHYTHM AT NEGATIVE FUNCTIONAL STATES DURING SESSIONS of the PSYCHOLOGIC RELAXATION // Human physiology. 2000. Ò. 26. ¹ 4. With. 48-54.Novovoronezhsky training center of preparation of experts for the atomic power station. A Novovoronezh UDC 612.821
The purpose of the given research became comparison of effects of a psychologic relaxation on a heart rate variability (Heart Rate VariabilityHRV) at negative functional states surveyed with series: an asthenia, depression and a neurotic symptomatology. The executed analysis has allowed to reveal characteristic for each negative functional state dynamics of parametersHRVand to define significant indicators for their diagnostics. By results of research efficacyy of use of analysisHRVfor the control and control of process of psychologic unload and diagnostics of some negative functional states of the person is proved.
The special course of formation of skills of a self-regulation and auto-training at operators of the atomic power station which has included system of psychotechnic exercises, autogenic dipping on M.M.Reshetnikova's variant, sessions of a psychologic relaxation has been developed on the basis of a method of figurative identification with use of òåàòðàëüíî-musical compositions. The important role at carrying out of this course was played with the physiological control over a functional state of the person during a psychologic relaxation. Analysis was applied to the decision of this problemHRV. AnalysisHRVhas received a wide circulation last ten years as a method allowing quantitatively to characterize activity of various departments vegetative nervous system (vegetative nervous system) through their influence on function of sinus unit of heart which shows in fluctuations of duration of intervals RR [Malik M.Heart rate variability // Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 1998. V. 13 ¹ 1. P. 36.] . ChangeHRVduring psychologic unload estimated for bunches of operators with various negative states: a neurotization, depression, an attrition of functional reserves (asthenia).
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Analysis of dynamics of the normalized parameter of cooperative vigor of parasympatic and sympathetic departments of a vegetative nervous system (nLH) has allowed to secure three bunches surveyed. The first bunch was made by persons at whom during sessions steady rising a parameternLH (above 60-70 %) was marked. In the second bunch have come surveyed withnLHin a range of 40-60 %, in a third with is stable low values of this parameter (less than 40 %). It is typical, that to augmentation or decrease of values of a parameternLHthere corresponds downstroke or rising of a lobe of vigor of waves of a rangeVLFin the general spectrum.
Now remains obscure, that reflects vigor of a spectrum in a rangeVLF. It agrees to the data of neurophysiology, in a prolate brain of the person the vegetative "centers" influencing through peripheric departments of a vegetative nervous system on activity of cardiovascular system are posed. These vegetative centers, in turn, are under the control of a hypothalamus which at backboned represents the main nerve center responsible for a regulation of an internal environment of an organism and the manager by all basic homeostatic processes. At an emotional stress activity of a vegetative nervous system is influenced by limbic system and cortex frames of a brain. Influence of these departments is transferred to cardiovascular system through a hypothalamus and a mesencephalon, and also is immediate to a spinal cord. According to numerous researches, parameters of vigor of a spectrum in low-frequency and high-frequency ranges reflect activity of sympathetic and parasympatic departments of a vegetative nervous system (vegetative centers of myelencephalon and a hypothalamus). It is obvious, that vigor of a spectrum in äèàïfçîíåVLFcan serve as a parameter of prevailing influence of cortex-limbic departments of a brain on a regulation of a cardiac rhythm. The given assumption conformably put forward in the middle of 70th years R.M.Baevsk to a hypothesis about a two-planimetric control system of a heart rhythm which includes the supreme vegetative centers which are taking place under the control of cortex mechanisms, coordinating all managerial processes in an organism according to conditions of environment [Baevskij R.M.Cybernetic analysis of managerial processes by a cardiac rhythm // Actual problems of physiology and a pathology of a circulation. M.: Medicine, 1976. With. 161.] [Baevskij R.M.Forecasting of states on the verge of norm of a pathology. M.: Medicine, 1976.295 with.] According to this hypothesis, the below frequency of fluctuations of a heart rhythm, the above a level of control. At optimum control the activation more and more high levels of a regulation is necessary. It shows in intensifying not respiratory components of a sinus arrhythmia, in appearance of slow waves with more and more high seasons, in ascending their vigor.
For a formulation of the assumption of the cortex-limbic nature of vigor in a rangeVLFresults of the given researches had crucial importance. Appeared, that all surveyed of bunch with the raised vigor of a spectrum in a rangeVLFwere at the moment of carrying out of sessions of psychologic unload in a state of a strong emotional stress, or had the expressed neurotic symptomatology.
For example, one of surveyed before a session has tested a strong emotional stress. All occupation he has been overdriven. In a state of rest up to a session the raised sphygmus, a lability of parametersHRV, and also predominance of activity of sympathetic nervous system were marked. During a session of psychologic unload sharp rising vigor of a wave in a rangeVLFand downstrokenLHwas observed. If to consider, that there is a connection betweenVLFand activity of cortex-limbic frames during a session influence of emotionally experienced event not only has not decreased, but has even more increased. Surveyed marked, that during a session his contagious excitation has amplified due to mental experience happened. Probably, what exactly due to this irrational overactivity of cortex-limbic frames also descends intensifying of a neurotic symptomatology known to clinicians when the person is in a state of physical rest. The positive effect of psychologic unload has found itself only after the terminal of a session: sphygmus has decreased, and the vegetative balance began to be shifted aside a parasympatic system.
And at another surveyed (with a neurotic symptomatology) during a session downstrokenLH, decrease of the general vigor of a spectrum of a heart rhythm (PW) almost on 60 % (in ranges LF and HF) was marked also.
For bunch "norm" the raised valuesnLHwere characteristic during a session. Downstroke of a parameter of vegetative balance (LF/LH) was marked. Surveyed has deeply relaxed and has plunged into dream. It was accompanied not only rising of activity of a parasympatic department of a vegetative nervous system, but also high valuesnLH, that can testify for the benefit of prevailing influence of a vegetative nervous system in a regulation of a heart rhythm.
During sessions of a psychologic relaxation for bunch with the reduced functional reserves typically dropping of the general vigor of a spectrum up to low values.
In bunch surveyed for which by results of psychologic testing (MMPIand clinical conversation) was diagnosed depression, along with downstroke of the general vigor significantly lower valuesLF/HFthe attitudes indicating predominance of a parasympatic system in the general vegetative balance were marked. The received data prove to be true results of researches of depressions foreign scientists. In one of them [Schultz S.K., Anderson E.A., van de Borne P.Heart rate variability before and after treatment with electroconvulsive therapy // J. Affect. Disorders. 1997. V. 44. ¹ 1. P. 13.] During treatment of the patients, suffering depression, was dependence of enriching of a state of patients with downstroke of a spectrum in a HF-range (accordingly risingLF/HFattitudes). In the other research [Evans D.L., Staab J., Ward H. et al.Depression in the medically ill: management considerations // Depress Anxiety. 1996-97. V. 4. ¹ 4. P. 199.] The review of control facilities by depressions which accompany with such illnesses as infringement of coronary arteries, a cancer and a set of symptoms of an immunodeficiencyy has been executed. It fixed, that the expressed depression significantly enlarges a mortality at patients with infringements of coronary arteries. Thus authors emphasize, that distinctive feature of depression patients had downstrokeHRV. Probably, the characteristic depression for seriously ill patients is the answer of an organism to a chronic stress which is expressed in passive abandoning of struggle. This abandoning reflects as a state of an organism (absence of functional reserves for continuation of resistance to intrinsic sources of illness), and a subjective state of the person (an evaluation the patient of a developed situation). This passive reaction can be summarized in downstroke of the general vigor of a spectrum and in predominance of a parasympatic system over vegetative balance. It is indicative, that for neurotic states uncharacteristically low valuePW. The possible explanation is covered that the neurotization is the awake form of reaction of an organism (consciousness) on the existing contradiction while depression the passive form of this reaction.
Downstroke of a parameternLHduring a session of a psychologic relaxation can testify for the benefit of predominance of cortex-limbic frames in a regulation of a heart rhythm. As follows from results of the given work, activity of a vegetative nervous system is reduced mainly due to a parasympatic system.
The received data allow to plan general dynamics of parametersHRVat effective mastering by surveyed methods of a psychologic relaxation during occupations: from of cortex-limbic frames to a vegetative nervous system, from a sympatic system to a parasympatic system, from high / low general vigor of a spectrum to average. This dynamics carries very important information for definition of a degree of a physiological lability surveyed. For persons with a high lability typically extremely unstable state during sessions. Deep dipping (predominance of a vegetative nervous system and a parasympatic system) can be replaced by sharp risings of activity of a sympatic system and body height of influence of cortex-limbic frames. Such fluctuations are very characteristic for persons with a high lability during the first occupations.
CONCLUSIONS
- According to the received results, predominance of vigor of waves of very low frequency over the general spectrum (low valuesnLH) can testify for the benefit of leading activity of cortex-limbic frames of a brain in a regulation of a cardiac rhythm during sessions of psychologic unload. Such superactivity is accompanied, according to psychologic diagnostics, a neurotic symptomatology or the expressed contagious excitation.
- For deep dipping during sessions of psychologic unload typically predominance of vegetative nervous system over a regulation of a cardiac rhythm (high valuesnLH) and a parasympatic system in vegetative balance (low valuesLF/HF).
- Results of psychologic diagnostics and a spectral analysis allow to assume, that processes of an asthenia are caused by significant downstroke of parametersHRV (Especially the general vigor of a spectrumPW) during a psychologic relaxation. Thus, low valuesPWcan serve as the indicator of downstroke of functional reserves of an organism.
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The combination of such factors as a vegetative level of a regulation of a cardiac rhythm (high valuesnLH), a low level of the general vigor of a spectrum (PW), predominance of a parasympatic system over vegetative balance (low valuesLF/HF) during sessions of psychologic unload, agrees to the data of psychologic diagnostics can to act as the indicator of predisposition to depression or to specify presence of a depression.
The results received in the given work demand wider and deep studying. But it is obvious, thatHRVanalysis of a cardiac rhythm can serve as an effective physiological agent for the control and control of process of psychologic unload and diagnostics of some negative functional states of the person. Kamenskaja V.G., Muzalevskaja N.N., Zvereva S.V., Tomanov L.V.
PARAMETERS of FLUCTUATIONS RR-intervals AT VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL STATES of PRESCHOOL CHILDREN // Human physiology, 2001, Ò. 27, ¹ 3, with. 89-94.
At preschool children dynamics of psychophysiological characteristics of a functional state, a galvanic skin response and stochastic parameters of a cardiac rhythm which were recorded at performance by children of two variants of the directed associative experiment were studied: simple associative experiment and associative experiment with additional motive as the award for success. It is revealed, that average value RR, a standard deflection of fluctuations RR are poorly sensitive to change of functional state in experiment, whereas dynamics of KGR and a fractal indexa b-parameter of sedate function with which help interrelations of spectral density in a spectrum of vigor of fluctuation RR are approximated, rather reactive to alterations in of functional state. Age and normative properties of an electrocardiogram of preschool children as exhibitings of a life-support system, including in a situation of intensive intellectual activity are discussed.
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Keywords: a heart rate variability, variability of a rhythm, heart, a heart rate variability, HRV, variability, heart, a rhythm, a cardiac rhythm, a regulation, acclimatization, an evaluation of acclimatization, adaptable opportunities, registration, a rithmogram, Baevsky, analysis, variabilities, reduction, a rithmography, human physiology, a stress
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