 Keywords: pedagogics, a stress, a distress, acclimatization, rising of acclimatization, the abstract, Selje, prophylaxis, stressful situations, stress factors, an autotrainingPSYCHOLOGY-PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES TO RISING ACCLIMATIZATION OF THE PERSON AND PROPHYLAXIS OF THE DISTRESSIntroductionFor anybody not a secret, that modern life very intense. Rate of life raises, ecological conditions as consequence of it is enlarged amount of patients in hospitals worsen, at many people nervous failures develop. To survive in this uneasy world there is all more difficultly and more difficultly. Better others it turns out at those who will better adapt to showed to it an environment to conditions. The problem of acclimatization faces to each inhabitant of a planet the Earth irrespective of his age, a place of residing, the social importance. Problems suffices in all layers of a society and in all age categories. To adapt for an environment the person it is compelled since a birth. Unless it is not necessary to get skills of the adaptation absolutely still to the small person at whom for first five years of the development 90 % of his mentality are shaped. Then he goes in school, there is him " a social birth ", there it is necessary to adapt to educational process. The big role in acclimatization is played also with his mutual relations with schoolmates and teachers. Further - the institute and problems becomes even more. Unless it is not necessary to develop adaptive mechanisms to eternally hungry and eternally poor student who does not have confidence of tomorrow's day. Then - family, children, work. From daily cares the head, nearby and before failure hurts. In an old age the set of illnesses with which it is necessary to consult leans. So the problem of acclimatization is one of the most actual in modern life. Acclimatization at a stressStudying acclimatization of the person to stress conditions recently pay the increasing and greater attention as doctors, and psychologists, teachers and sociologists. It is connected, in particular, to augmentation of number of extreme situations of a natural parentage, and with ascending technogenic accidents. Thus the risk of development both acute, and chronic diseases is more and more enlarged. These extreme situations demand from the person of long-term acclimatization, creation new or updatings of old forms of existence. The concept of acclimatization directly is connected to concept of a stress. the Stressis a set of the protective physiological reactions arising in an organism in reply to influence of various adverse factors. The first were defined a stress by Hans Selje. He asserted, that a stress - all this, that conducts to fast ageing an organism or causes illnesses. A stress - the nonspecific answer of an organism to any demand showed to it. Adverse factors (stress factors) cause reaction of a stress, that is the person meaningly or subconsciously tries to adapt to a new situation. Then there comes the period of acclimatization (English term GAS - General Adaptation Syndrom - the general adaptable set of symptoms now is used). The person or finds equilibrium in the created situation and the stress does not give any consequences, or does not adapt for it - small - acclimatization which results in various mental or physical deviations, for example to failures and to psychosomatic diseases Frequently, if the adaptable reserve of the person is insufficient also an organism unabl to resist effectively to a stress there is a condition of feebleness, hopelessness, depression, that negatively influences mentality of the person, complicates social contacts to other people and provokes development of various illnesses in connection with weakening of an organism. What allows to protect an organism from a stress? First, it is change of a field of activity, so-called active protection. Second, it is a relaxation (relaxation) which allows to raise natural acclimatization of a human body, both mental, and physical. It is considered, that exists two opposite reactions to an acute dangerous situation, that is there are two various adaptive mechanisms which allow to raise adaptable opportunities of the individual. The first - suppression of behaviour - includes fade, a silence, a pyloerection, a defecation, etc. The Second - the activation of behaviour expressing in intensifying of exaltation, submission of a voice, activation of a sceletal musculation. Some authors believe, that there is also a third reaction to a stress - aggressive which can be shown in reply to an eversive boring. In normal conditions in reply to a stress the person has condition of alarm, confusion which is automatic adjustment to active action: attacking or protective. Such adjustment is carried out in an organism always, that is independently what will be reaction to a stress. The organism comes in a condition of the supreme readiness. Heart starts to beat quickly, arterial pressure raises, sceletal muscles strain. There is an activization of sympatic system, emission in a blood of Hormonums and mobilization of protective forces of an organism. There is an alarm and an emotional strain. For stressful reaction does not matter the situation from which we collide is positive or negative. Intensity of the stimulating factor which provides adaptable reorganization of an organism matters only. One of opportunities to resist to an emotional stress is high emotional - strong-willed fastness inherent in some people. Owners of such properties test on themselves stressful conditions after others and overcome them faster. On the contrary, presence of low emotional fastness, a high emotional excitability - result of negative display of a stress (occurrence of a distress). Thus the combination of a high emotional load can aggravate negative displays of a distress. Any protective reaction cannot always be expediently working, hence, the stress can form a basis of a pathology. That is the stress on the one hand operates as the mechanism of acclimatization, and on the other hand - as a basis of development of infringements. Selje the term "distress" - applied to such "stress" a condition described by various infringements, that is the phenomena of a various physiological pathology. A.Novitsky (1993) has entered the term " a set of symptoms of a chronic ecological overstrain ". He has allocated series of клинико-physiological and biochemical displays of such version of a stress.
In daily life the person deals with the most various situations among which the big attention should be given such to which the formulation " critical vital situations " is applicable. As them understand difficult situations for which decision it is required a lot of psychological and physical strengths. Demands to the person and opportunities of the person. Change of psychological opportunities of the person in overcoming difficultiesThe degree of an experienced stress can be lowered by simplification of the demands showed to the person. This decision in essence is based on change of medium and creation of conditions. Demands can arise as a result of influence of material medium or a psychosocial environment of the person. Examples and those and other influences it is possible to result set Frequently stress conditions can arise also from demands and the restrictions imposed on character of behaviour of the person by his work and domestic life. The conditions promoting a stress, can have and the internal reason and arise as reflection of requirement of the person. For example, long monotonous, monotonous work can frame the big problems, than various and stimulating work, and the quiet and bolstering person home life will cause less problems, than rough and uncomfortable. One of possible approaches to interpreting influence of work and a domestic situation on the person is theory Maslow about character of the person. He considers, that the person has 5 types of basic needs:
The satisfaction of all these requirements is a way of achievement of mental well-being. Operating conditions and domestic life which do not answer these requirements, represent threat to well-being of the person. Changes of social medium can accept simple, but extreme forms, such, as crossing to other house to avoid collisions with aggressive neighbours, a leaving from the unloving husband or the wife or a leaving from a tough job. Such behaviour directed on overcoming of difficulties is usual cannot completely satisfied as it, destroying old problems, frames new. The final decision how to carry out replacement of personal difficulties, should be under construction on what from personal problems, old or new, gives in to the decision more easy. In reply to experience of a stress the person changes the behaviour and carries out attempts to direct the efforts against a source of a stress. These efforts can and not predetermine the subsequent types of behaviour. Internal ability to overcoming stress conditions can vary depending on lines of positive factors, such, as training and education, and also from some negative factors., for example from age, influence of medicinal preparations, disease. Training and education should be surveyed in the widest sense: from inculcation of the basic social skills before development of a concrete trade. Effectively to work in a modern society, it is necessary to seize constantly new skills, not overlooking thus before got. Thus, scientific studying of methods of training is an integral part of research of a problem of a stress. Interrelation between the demands showed by work, and a psychological opportunity to work if to survey it according to model of the transact analysis, it is very simple. For example, at ageing if the difficulties connected to certain work to not modify on a measure of ageing of the worker to it all becomes more complex to consult with it, and his experience of a stress will amplify. With this situation it is possible to consult two ways. First, the growing old individual can lower a load, and, second, he can periodically raise the qualification. Can be, it is impossible to develop ability of the person to resist to a stress. But, maybe, it is possible, to help it to consult more effectively with a stress, supporting in a nem ability available at him to resist to a stress, for example, having executed for him a part of that it is required to it to make. As occurrence of a stress is connected by that the person realizes presence of a unbalance between demands showed to it and his ability to execute these demands change of the mechanism of his perception is extremely potent agent for management to stresses. It is possible to change perception the person of each of three aspects of a cognitive estimation - the showed demand, ability of him to execute and reach with the help of such medicinal preparations and narcotics, such, as a nicotine, alcohol, small tranquilizers and other agents of a similar sort, with the help of consultations and a various sort of psychotherapeutic influences. Psychological methods allow to develop ability more realistically to estimate problem situations, to build and reconstruct a self-rating, to choose possible strategy of overcoming of a stress situation and to change installations of preference. Connection of psychological and biological acclimatizationMany modern domestic researchers believe, that at various infringements of acclimatization neurosises develop. Acclimatization is broken at social, personal and biological levels. There are psychological and biological concepts of acclimatization. In classical western theories of the person the person is surveyed as the closed system with a set of the properties determined by mainly congenital factors which dictates an organism individual forms of behaviour (S. Freud, 1923; R. Cattell, 1957; H. Eusenk, 1975, etc.) . Here it is not taken into account, that the medium can change frame of the person, and last can improve medium. There are also synthetic theories (P. Hettermma, 1979), constructed on three bases: genetic mechanisms, casual and focused processes. Genes and chromosomes determine only borders in which vary individual properties. Inside these borders of circumstance determine actual result which cannot be counted hereditary. Psychological acclimatization dilates limits in which the organism can operate. Its main function becomes, thus, ability to transform new or unknown circumstances when former forms of behaviour do not correspond to them. Psychological acclimatization is not specific acclimatization, and individual and consequently it is determined by psychology of the person and its features. However psychological acclimatization is closely connected with biological. It supplements it and strengthens, and at morbid conditions the psychological disadaptation results in infringement of biological mechanisms of acclimatization. The problem of biological acclimatization is connected to the concept of a stress of Hans Selje. H. Selje to divide answers of an organism with adaptable and destructive amounting and answers only with adaptable amounting, in reactions of a stress the distress and an eustress has allocated. At a distress emotional changes in which basis the alarm lays are always observed, at an eustress the sthenic emotion is usually marked. Perspective in this plan there was L.H.Garkavi's approach, etc. (1979), opened new adaptable reactions of activation and training which are caused by emotionality of a positive mark. Two these reactions, and also reaction of a stress have made a triad of reactions. They form a functional unit in which the quantitative principle is carried out most simply: reactions develop discretely at augmentation of a dose and force of an irritant and go on the same ways. Authors specify, that at reactions of activation acclimatization proceeds best and is accompanied by positive emotions. They have shown efficiency of this method at treatment of tumours and have stated an idea what to apply him it is possible rather widely, including at treatment of mental diseases. L.H.Garkavi, etc. (1979) believed, that adaptable reactions open by them are realized by the same principles, as the general adaptable set of symptoms Selje. However research of a role of endorphins has shown, that the mechanism of action their anesthetizing and taking out alarm is connected by that endorphins and enkephalins cooperating with them block allocation of Dofaminum, Noradrenalinum and an epinephrine, opiat activity is enlarged with increase of analgetic effect. Participation of opiat system fixed during acclimatization. It proves to be true high tolerance to inflammatory diseases of patients by a narcomania at early stages. Besides reactions of training and activity proceed on a background of positive emotions. These reasons, allow to state the assumption of existence of permanent adaptable system which can be named antistressful. Under influence of an irritant of stress force not only the general adaptable set of symptoms develops, but also the antistressful system is stimulated. In favorable conditions activity of last accrues, the level of acclimatization, and former irritants which caused a stress earlier raise, become for an organism usual. Adaptable reactions and trainings are answers of antistressful system. Opiat systems participate in mechanisms of their development. To define this or that reaction it is possible on a psychological condition. When at the person a stress, he feels alarm; the basic substance - an epinephrine. Reaction of training determines a condition of rest; the basic substance - endorphins. During reaction of activation mood raised, sometimes the person tests fun, laughs, the basic substance - alcohol. When the stress irritant, on the one hand, he starts stress adaptable system starts to operate, with another - will activate antistress. If the stress irritant operates for a long time enough, gradually power of antistress system is enlarged, and the irritant which was stress earlier, ceases to be those. It on itself(himself) was tested by everyone who went in for sports also a tempering. In the beginning the exercise stress and a cold irritant were stress (both a pain, and a fever), and then became pleasant, caused pleasure. It it is possible to explain and feeling of pleasure which arises after disposal of an excruciating lasting many hours pain. Reaction of patients in such cases happens even euphoric. It is connected by that the epinephrine after putting off of a pain stopped to be allocated, and excess of endorphins, enkephalins and the alcohol, collected during a stimulation of antistress system, has caused feeling of pleasure. Well and if the help in time did not appear, the pain gradually became dull. Ancient have noticed: " the Pain gives rise to an idea, the idea gives rise to calm ". It is now proved, that development of endorphins occurs in the departments of a brain closely connected to thought processes. Methods of prophylaxis of a distressVery important value for prophylaxis of a distress (a distress - the extremely negative form of the tightened stress when that goes is not good, and in harm) has a way of life, specificity and intensity of work or study, a financial position, mutual relations in a family circle, on work, with friends and neighbours. A huge role the physical condition of the person, and psychological - plays his attitude to life, to the health. And, certainly, the big role is played with desire to get rid of the problems connected to a stress. There are some basic methods of prophylaxis of a distress: a self-regulation and a relaxation, antistress " reorganization of day " and rendering of "first aid" at an acute stress. The basic reception of a self-regulation is suggestion and a self-suggestion. Suggestion can be carried out as in reality, and in a condition of natural and hypnotic dream. Suggestion - influence on mentality at which words are perceived " on belief ", implicitly, thoughtlessly, as though around of logic. The self-suggestion is too influence on mentality. Now allocate 2 main versions of a self-suggestion: a self-suggestion on Kue and various variants of an autotraining. The self-suggestion on Kue is daily conscious (though Kue considered, that this unconscious) in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening repetition on twenty and more times successively the certain phrases. For example: " I feel also well, as well as in a youth ", " my organism is absolutely healthy and capable to develop biologically active substances which will protect me from illnesses ". Such statements "adjust" consciousness of the person, and, hence, and his organism " on health ". It is very important factor. The system of an autotraining is offered and developed by German doctor I.G.Schultz. It is directed on development at the person of skills of an any regulation of a tone of muscles and works of the physiological systems, usually not submitting to the control of consciousness. In a condition of a complete relaxation normalization of their functioning is possible. In a basis of auto-training - connections between words, expressions, figurative concepts and a regulation of a condition of various bodies fixed. It is reached by that the patient regularly accustoms to immerse itself in the special condition reminding a somnolence. I.G.Schultz recommended six cycles of exercises which in a combination to the certain factors of a self-suggestion result in a positive take:
These six exercises make the lowest step of training. It is intended first of all for putting off of a nervous strain, calm, normalization of functions of an organism. For mastering by her sufficiently it is required on the average three months of daily occupations for twenty - thirty minutes. The following step - the supreme. On it the person seizes skills of immersing in a condition of " autogenic meditation ", self-defense of an organism being the original factor from illness. On mastering by the second step it is required about eight months. For reduction of this time suggestion combine with a self-suggestion. This principle is used in a psychotherapy. The doctor, for example, suggests to cause in the patient improvement of a condition, "training" in his self-suggestion, speaking it: " you are now quiet, completely quiet and feel gravity and is warm in arms. Arms become serious, warm. " Then the patient should repeat the same phrases about itself. Thus, the doctor represents itself as the teacher. Now there is a set of techniques of auto-training which are widely used in medical practice, sports, pedagogics... The system of a self-regulation of Jackobson - " a progressive relaxation " is known. Jackobson has noted, that at a nervous strain sceletal muscles too much intense. For putting off of an emotional strain he has suggested to relax them maximum. In the western medicine a lot of attention is given the description of methods of a cupping of a stress based on Zigmunda Freud psychoanalysis, methods of a suggestion, meditation. For prophylaxis of an emotional strain very effective it is considered complexes of respiratory exercises which, for example, are very well developed at various schools of the Indian yoga. The sense of respiratory exercises will consist in the conscious control of frequency, depth and a rhythm of respiration. In practice three types of exercises are used: complete belly (diaphragmatic) respiration, and two kinds of rhythmical respiration. So, for example, it is recommended to inhale on the account up to 2; 4; 8 then to hold the breath up to half of this rhythm, and to exhale again on the account up to 2; 4; 8. The abirritating effect of respiration is connected to derivation of extraneous ideas on respiration and a hypercapnia arising at it - augmentation of the maintenance of a carbon dioxide in a blood which has weak narcotic effect. Interestingly also use of a complex of exercises of gymnastics thaw - дзи. This gymnastics is based on slow rotary movements, fascinating practically all joints and groups of muscles with complex coordination of movements). The given exercises allow to influence effectively enough somatovegetatic sphere and to activate nervous system, and unusual movements cause proof interest to their performance in patients. Everyone can carry out gymnastics in the rate. In summary it would be desirable to cite G.Selje: " we should not, and are not capable to avoid a stress. Complete freedom from a stress would mean mors ". the List of the literature
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